Centralization and Decentralization[中心化与去中心化]

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什么是中心化与去中心化？ 释义

任何组织都必须做出一些战略性的运营决策。 那么，这些决策应该在组织的哪一层面上制定？又由谁来制定？ 此外， 组织结构又要据此做出哪些调整变化？ 中心化（Centralization）和去中心化（Decentralization）就是两种截然不同的对决策权进行配置、对组织结构进行变革的方式。

中心化：

• 释义： 是一种将决策权朝向组织高层进行迁移和配置的过程。
• 在中心化组织中，决策权上升至组织的较高层级，如企业总部或中心。
• 知识、信息及决策高度集中于高层，决策结果自上而下在组织内部进行贯彻。
• 高管的权力控制面相对较广，组织内部的层级亦相对较多。 比较： 法约尔。

去中心化：

• 释义： 是一种将决策权朝向组织低层进行迁移和配置的过程。
• 在去中心化组织中，决策权下降至组织的较低层级，如部门或分支机构。
• 知识、信息及决策自下而上在组织内部传播。
• 高管的权力控制面相对较窄，组织内部的层级相对较少，因为组织的权力多存在于较低层面或底层上的自治部门。

去中心化的三种形式

• 权力分散（Deconcentration）： 去中心化的最弱形式。 决策权在同一组织内部向低层或底层进行重新分配。
• 权力代表（Delegation）： 去中心化的粗放形式。 通过代表机制，决策权被授予半自治的组织代表机构，尽管这些机构不是由组织完全控制，但最终向其负责。
• 权力下放（Devolution）： 作为去中心的第三种形式， 权力下放是指权力完全从权力中心移交给组织内的自治单元。

中心化的优势。 特征

• 理念/重点： 自上而下的控制、领导力、愿景、战略。

• 决策： 强硬、独裁、理想主义、魅力领导。

• 组织变革： 上层决定，领导意见。
• 执行： 果断，快速，整体协调。 对于重大事件和变化能够做出快速反应。
• 步调一致。 组织内部不同部门之间意见相左、产生冲突的风险较小。

去中心化的优势。 特征

• 理念/重点： 自下而上，政治、文化及组织学习方面的活力。
• 决策： 民主、参与、细节。
• 组织变革： 源自互动的组织活力。
• 执行： 渐进、自发。 对于细小事件与变化能够灵活适从。
• 参与、责任。 固执己见、排斥异见行为的产生可能性较小。

论坛 关于以下内容的论坛讨论：中心化与去中心化。您可以在下方提出有关此主题的问题、分享您的经验、报告新的发展或解释一些事情。 Benefits of Decentralization. Advantages 1. Greater transparency and accountability. 2. Quick decision making, no long processes 3. Local problems get local solutions. 4. Greater participation by the average worker.... 13   1条评论 Similarities Between Centralization and Decentralization? I'm looking for similarities between centralization and decentralization. What do they have in common? I will be grateful for your tips and ideas.... 10   2条评论 Ricardo Semler: Democratization Instead of Decentralization Decentralization has been around for very long, but with protracted results due to top-down hierarchical organization structures. Decentralization is only a fad and true decentralization is hardly pra... 9   1条评论 The link between Centralization and Decentralization to Public Administration What is the link between Centralization and Decentralization to Public Administration... 8   1条评论 Divisions Versus Subsidiaries I need some clarification of what is the difference between divisions and subsidiaries. Is there any significant distinction? In the decision making process?... 7   1条评论 Decision-making in Germany Would you say Germany typically has centralized or decentralized decision making?... 6   Types of Decentralization. Categories I am looking for a further classification of decentralization types? Do you have a list of forms of decentralization? Please share them and give an example. Thank you..... 4   The Role of Decentralization in Developing Countries Improving the communication in development projects in developing countries is very important. Because one major reason for the slow pace of progress in the developing countries has to with the limite... 3   2条评论 Direct Communication in Decentralization Is it possible that in decentralization the first line manager communicates directly with top management?... 3   2条评论 Decentralization to Local Government What is the importance of decentralization to local government?... 3   2条评论 Implications of Delegation How can one evaluate the implications of delegation in private companies, NGOs, and public companies?... 2   2条评论 Decentralization Requires Involvement and Empowerment Decentralization is preferred to centralization in many cases. But decentralized systems need to look at involving each individual at the decentralized unit. To involve each individual means empoweri... 2   4条评论 开始一个新的论坛主题关于中心化与去中心化

最佳实践 关于中心化与去中心化的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。 🥇 When is Centralization of Decision-making Better? Please tell me the circumstances under which centralization is better than decentralization? Thanks... 10   3条评论 🥈 Decentralization Better for Small Businesses? Decentralization argument works for large businesses. For a small business, it is better to have centralization. Do you agree? Explain.... 6   5条评论 🥉 Crisis: Centralization or Decentralization? In a crisis situation, which one is better: centralized or decentralized? On one hand in a crisis condition urgent decisions regarding actions have to be made. On the other hand, the need of a democra... 6   5条评论

专家提示 关于Centralization and Decentralization（英语）的高级见解。在这里，您将找到专家的专业建议。 Centralization and Decentralization Advantages and Disadvantages The main advantage of a centralized organizational structure is that tight control from the top management fixes account... Key Considerations in Deciding Upon your Organizational Design Organization Set Up, Organizational Structure, Organizational Structure, Centralization, Span of Control, Departmentaliz When setting up a business or organization, it is important to think about the roles, processes and relationships within...

信息来源 有关中心化与去中心化的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。 Organization Design Organizational Development Good presentation by Stephen Robbins and David Decenzo with lots of example org charts: Identify and define the six ele... Organizations and Structures Organizational Structure, Departmentalization, Centralization, Decentralization Good presentation on Organizational Design. Author: Michael Crandall. First of all the concept of �organizations� is e... Centralization and Decentralization Diagram Centralization and Decentralization Download and edit this 12manage PowerPoint graphic for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in ...

研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源中心化与去中心化。 新闻 视频 简报   书比人好 学术的 更多

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