Organizational Learning[OL，组织学习]

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Chris Argyris Organizational Learning[组织学习]

什么是组织学习？释义

Chris Argyris和Donald Schön在1978年给组织学习（OL）所下的定义是： “诊断和改正组织错误”。 1985年，Fiol和Lyles对“学习”做了更为准确的定义，“通过汲取更好的知识，并加深理解，从而提高行动的过程”。 Dodgson对组织学习的描述是：企业围绕自己的日常活动和企业文化，构建知识体系，补充知识技能以及组织例行公事的一种方式；组织通过广泛运用员工所掌握的各项技能，从而发展组织效能的一种方式。 (1993)。 Huber指出，如果信息交换时组织的潜在行为范围发生变化了变化，那么学习活动在这一变化过程中就已经产生了。

Dodgson指出，所谓学习型组织就是那些为了提高和最大化组织学习，而有目的地进行学习框架构建和战略设计的组织（1993）。当下，学习型组织的概念日益盛行，因为越来越多的组织都意识到与时俱进、不断变革的重要性。学习是一个动态概念，它强调的是组织的一种持续变革的特征。现在，对于学习活动的关注重点已经从个人学习转移到了组织学习。众所周知，学习是个人成长的要素，学习对组织成长同样重要。作为个人集合体的组织，必须以一种适当的形式、流程来保证组织学习，从而应对不断变化的环境。

当然，组织学习绝不仅仅是个人学习行为的总和（Dodgson，1993；Fiol & Lyles，1985）。当组织成员离开时，组织的学习能力并不会因此遭受损失。组织学习会对组织记忆（Organizational Memory）发挥巨大的贡献作用。因此，组织学习不仅会影响当前的组织成员，而且会对未来成员发生影响，这归功于通过组织学习所累积起来的组织历史、组织经验、组织规则以及组织故事。 “对于任何组织而言，创造一个学习型组织，仅仅是一半的挑战”（Prahalad & Hamel, 1994），同等重要的是，要构建一个“非学习型组织”。这一貌似荒谬的概念言下之意是，一个学习型组织也必须要学会忘记部分历史。学习活动正是在各种因素的冲突中产生的（Dodgson，1993）。

三种类型的组织学习（Argyris & Schön）

单循环学习（Single-Loop Learning）。单循环学习是指，发现并改正组织错误，使得组织能够保持当前政策，去实现既定目标。根据Dodgson（1993），单循环学习可以被视作为一种将组织所需得知识、技能或规则植入组织，同时不改变组织现有形态特征的组织活动。单循环学习亦被其他学者指称为“低层次学习”（Fiol & Lyles，1985）、“适应性学习”“复制式学习”（Senge，1990）、或“非战略性学习”（Mason，1993）。
双循环学习（Double-Loop Learning）。双循环学习是指，除了发现并改正组织错误外，并且对组织现有的规范、流程、政策以及目标提出异议和修正。双循环学习包括对组织的学习基础、特殊能力、例行常规进行变革（Dodgson，1993）。双循环学习亦被其他学者指称为“高层次学习”（Fiol & Lyles，1985）、“创造性学习”“拓展型学习”（Senge，1990）、或“战略性学习”（Mason，1993）。根据Mason，战略性学习就是组织与所处环境相适的一种努力过程，在此基础之上，组织才能够充分占有各种资源，并以这些资源去追逐、拓展并实现组织目标（1993：843）。
第二次学习（Deutero-learning）。当组织知道如何执行单循环学习和双循环学习的时候，组织就开始了第二次学习的过程。如果组织对于学习无意识的话，就不会有前两种学习。 “只有认识到无知，才会产生学习的动机”（Nevist et al，1995）。这意味着在促进学习之前，需要找到学习导向、方式、流程以及结构等学习促进因素。 Nevis等人（1985）找到了七种学习方式和十种影响学习的促进因素。例如，其中一项促进因素就是，找出目标业绩与真实业绩之间的差距。认识到到这一差距后，组织就能够想到学习，以及想到创造适合学习的环境和流程。这同样也会使组织意识到这样一个事实，冗长的积极反馈、或者是沟通交流事实上会阻碍组织学习（Argyris，1994）。

双循环学习与第二次学习都非常关心组织为什么要变革和如何变革，而单循环学习则被动接受变革，不做深层思考。 Dodgson指出，组织学习的类型还取决于组织学习所存在的不同组织部门。不同的学习活动可能出现于不同的组织功能部门，如研发、设计、工程、制造、市场、行政、以及销售，等等。

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组织学习论坛。

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Implementing Organizational Learning
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Imperatives of Organisation Learning Types
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How to Grow Organization Learning with Rapid Changes of Technology?
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关于组织学习的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。

Why Apply Organizational Learning in Organizations?
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The Goals of Organization Learning are Changing
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Individual and Organizational Learning
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How do You Measure Organizational Learning?
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专家提示

关于Organizational Learning（英语）的高级见解。在这里，您将找到专家的专业建议。

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	Capturing Learned Lessons How to Capture Organizational Learning? Best Practices Knowledge from bad and good experiences will lead you and your organization to better future performance. You can improv (...)
	Critical Activities to Build a Learning Organization Implementing Organizational Learning, Best Practices Learning organizations are distinguished because they are undertaking certain activities to foster the internal learning (...)
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	Key Behaviors of Innovative Organizations Innovation Management, Culture Change, Organizational Change, Innovative Culture, Organizational Culture Many large-scale attempts to make organizations more innovative are experiencing organizational inertia, barriers and/or (...)
	How to Become a Self-tuning Enterprise: Advanced Experimenters Organizational Agility, Strategic Agility, Real Options, Emergent Strategy In an HBR article of June 2015, Reeves, Zeng and Venjara argue there's a new way to apply algorithmic principles that en (...)
	How Culture Levels Explain Failures in Organizational Learning and Innovation Improving Organizational Learning, Organizational Innovation, Changing Organization Cultures Schein (as cited by Bertagni et al., 2010) tries to elaborate on the question why organizational innovations often fail (...)
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	Generating New and Useful Ideas in Innovation: Avoiding the Primal Mark Innovation, Creativity, Organizational Innovativeness, Lateral Thinking, Out of the Box Thinking, Avoiding Anchoring In today's dynamic environment, to stay competitive continuous innovations and new ideas are important. For a creative i (...)
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信息来源

有关组织学习的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。

	Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning Models, Implementation, Overview, Examples An extensive presentation explaining both the concept of Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning by H. Gundogan (...)
	How to Improve Knowledge Sharing in Knowledge-intensive Organizations Knowledge Management, Knowledge Sharing Motivation, Knowledge Sharing Platform. Tacit Knowledge This presentation elaborates on the concept of knowledge sharing, thereby focusin on a knowledge-intensive organization (...)
	Learning Agility and Enterprise Agility Organizational Agility This presentation provides insights into the usage of organizational agility in your organization. The presentation incl (...)
	Knowledge Management Systems Architecture Knowledge Management, Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Systems, Knowledge Architecture This presentation is about knowledge development and management, including the following sections: 1. Overview 2. Know (...)
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	Learning from Rare Experiences Organizational Learning Paper by Charles E. Eesley and Edward B. Roberts explores the conditions under which learning occurs from small samples (...)
	Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning and Intellectual Capital Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning Presentation about organizational knowledge, learning and intellectual capital. The presentation includes the following (...)
	Elements of a Cognitive Theory of the Firm Organizational Learning Paper by Bart Nooteboom presents elements of a cognitive theory of the firm, from the perspective of embodied cognition. (...)
	Organizational Learning: Single Loop Learning, Double Loop Learning and Triple Loop Learning Organizational Learning - Single loop new learning is about following the rules while trying to correct a problem. - Double loop learning could (...)
	Professor Evans Explains Why Fast Change Requires New Ways of Learning and Thinking Action Learning, Coping with Change, The Need of Change, The Need for New Ways of Learning In this historic video Action Learning Professor Reg Evans shows that it is very important to understand that today's ra (...)
	How to Integrate Internal Organizational Knowledge with External Online Communities Knowledge Management, Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Sharing, Interaction, Knowledge in Organizations Due to many online and web-based technological developments in today�s digital economy, sharing knowledge in online comm (...)
	Knowledge Sharing and Organizational Learning through Communities of Practices Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Learning, Communities of Practices, Special Interest Groups Knowledge management in Communities of Practice (CoPs) This presentation is about organizational learning and knowledge (...)
	Three Levels of Knowledge Management Initial Understanding Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning According to Jury (2007), knowledge management can be categorized into three different levels, and organized in a pyrami (...)
	Introduction to Organizational Learning and Learning Organizations Organizational Learning, Learning Organizations Presentation that gives a clear overview to the concept of Organizational Learning (OL). The following sections are incl (...)
	Introduction of Organizational Learning Initial Understanding of Organizational Learning Peter Senge explains that Organizational Learning is about how organizations work at their bests. It comes down to how p (...)
	The Difference Between Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management Initial Understanding of the Difference Between OL en KM Dr. Edward Rogers puts forth that organizational learning and knowledge management are often considered to be synonyms a (...)
	How Single and Double Loop Learning Help Operational Managers Become Leaders Initial Understanding of Single and Double Loop Learning A great way for managers to get out of their operational mode and become leaders is to help them to stand back from day (...)