 什么是组织结构图？ 释义
每个公司都同时具有正式的和非正式的组织结构。 一些常见的正式组织结构如：
- 等级式结构（多为规模较小的、创业型企业所采用）
- 直线职能式结构
- 功能式结构或部门式结构（基于功能、产品/服务、顾客类型、地理区位）
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矩阵式结构（双重汇报体系）
以上这些正式的组织结构关系都可以通过组织结构图来展示，英语称之为Organization Chart， 或Organizational Chart、Organigram、Organogram、Org Chart，均表示同样的意思。 它能够简洁明了地展示组织内的等级与权力、角色与职责、功能与关系。 组织结构图还有助于帮助新员工了解和认识公司。 （所谓非正式的组织结构是指存在于日常工作中的组织层级之间的真实关系。）
 当下，不断有人指责现有组织结构设计存在很多局限和不足。 与此同时，组织构型被披上了不少时髦的外衣，诸如：网络型组织（Networked Organizations），跨国型组织（Transnational Organizations），前后端组织（Front-Back Organizations），无边界组织（Boundaryless Organizations），学习型组织（Learning Organizations）、虚拟型组织（Virtual Organizations）和社会化网络（Social Networks），等等。
然而，对于公司高管来说，组织结构设计仍将是一项极为重要且具有挑战性的工作，因为它对公司的战略、营销、决策、沟通、金融投资及领导力等各个方面都有着重要影响。 所以，不管组织构型如何发展变化，组织结构图的重要地位是不会改变的，一张简明的图表能够帮助人们快速、准确把握有用信息。 组织结构图或许会在外形上发生些变化，与传统的树型图有所区别。
组织结构图的起源。 历史
据猜测，古埃及人在从事大规模公共建设项目的时候，很可能已经掌握并采用了结构图法来组织配置劳工部门。 然而，有史可考的第一张组织结构图很可能晚至1854年才问世，它的编制者是纽约铁路公司的总裁丹尼尔·麦卡伦（Daniel McCallum）。
 当时，麦卡伦的公司正负责建筑一条从泽西城到大湖区、贯穿宾州与纽约、全长近500英里的铁路。
麦卡伦认为，在其他条件均等的情况下，这条铁路的每英里建筑成本应该低于那些短程铁路。 然而，事实上这些其他条件却很难等同， 修一条长500英里的铁路，牵涉的方方面面工作肯定要比修50英里铁路复杂得多。 若无高效组织，这条铁路的每英里建筑成本很可能要比那些短程铁路不贱反贵。 为此，麦卡伦编制了一张组织结构图。根据亨利·瓦卢姆·普尔（Henry Varnum Poor）的记载，这是一张树型结构的图表， 其根部代表铁路公司的总裁和高管层， 枝干代表公司的5个职能部门和客运、货运部门， 树叶则分别代表地方票务代理、货运代理、工段长及其他员工，等等。
历史上，组织结构图的诞生被认为是西方工业社会从自然的人治向企业化管理转变的一个重要标志。经此转变，组织能力逐渐成为企业生存竞争的先决条件。
组织结构图的运用 应用
编制组织结构图 流程
《组织设计杠杆》（Levers of Organization Design）一书的作者罗伯特·西蒙斯（Robert Simons）认为，任何一种组织设计的背后都存在以下四种杠杆力量：
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战略（战略决定组织结构）VS 结构（组织设计影响未来战略）
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责任感（眼前的目标）VS 适应性（未来的变化）
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梯状（垂直等级）VS 环状（水平网络）
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利己主义（关注个人） VS 组织使命（关注部门、公司）
比较： 格雷勒的成长阶段和西蒙斯的控制杠杆。
组织结构图的优势 优点
- 简洁明了，具有可预见性。 帮助了解组织功能。
- 帮助认识组织结构。
- 明确工作负责人， 及汇报关系和对象。
组织结构图的局限。 缺点
- 固定静止，灵活性差。 组织是不断成长变化的，要经历不同的成长阶段。
- 对于理解组织内部的真实运作情况，帮助不大。 事实上，组织运营过程中通常存在相当大的混乱，并受一种复杂的臆测与放大机制影响。（参见核心组理论）。
- 传统的组织结构图对于受外包、信息技术、战略联盟和网络经济等因素影响而不断发生边界变化的现代组织结构无能为力。
参考书： Robert Simons - Levers of Organization Design - 
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 Where are Projects in Organization Chart?
In some large company, with different lines of business, whenever a project is undertaken, main decisions and planning will be carried out by:
The GM or Finance Manager of the line of business, or
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Organization Chart for Export / Import Business
What way is the best to organize an export/import business (in terms of staff and their responsibilities) given that: products are manufactured in HQ Germany, imported to Mexico from Germany and exported directly from Germany to all other countries i...
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The Fluid Organogram
Organizational design today has to respond to local, strategic and global challenges normally unpredictable. In this context I propose the fluid organogram coupled with clutter free communication:
- A fluid organogram is one that almost imperc...
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What are Line Relationships?
Line relationships are superior-subordinate relationships and can be traced in a "chain of command" from the organization president through a succession of levels of managers to the lowest worker....
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How do You Keep Organizational Charts Current?
Organization charts are most commonly out-of-date because they are such a fuss to prepare and update. The majority of organizations are using PowerPoint, which creates attractive charts for smaller organizations. Templates are available that can spee...
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Special Organizational Structure for Construction Industry?
In the construction industry, health problems and security risks are always nearby and there are many crisis situations. Which organization structure could be followed by management at project site locations to prevent and deal with these problems an...
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The Future Proof Organization
An idea that has fascinates me is to make the concept of future proof organizations tangible.
A future proof organization results from an assortment of individuals who see themselves as future proof which is evidenced the moment they b...
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Reorganizing a Radiology Department
Anyone in the health care sector know of good ways to think through merging two diagnostic imaging departments in an academic hospital and come up with a new org structure. Current structure of the two departments is highly functional (researc...
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Higher End Uses of Org Charts
I am doing research for federal government and would like to know: how is your organization using the organization chart / table of organization for budgeting, analysis, etc.? Are organization charts static or are they kept current? How is budgeting ...
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Utility of Organizational Charts
The purposes of an org chart are specific:
Internal purpose - employees need to know where they fit, to whom do they report, who reports to them, and the corollary, to whom do they not report.
External purpose - when the "bad" thing happens...
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Organization Chart Software
Can anyone help me find org chart software that is able to handle matrix orgs? We have looked at 10 different versions. None can flexibly do matrix orgs. Any ideas?...
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组织结构图 小组
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组织结构图 培训|活动
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 Levels in Organisations and Role Clarity
Broadly-based on the concept of the Requisite Organisation and Stratified Systems Theory (Elliott Jaques), we can distinguish the following Levels in Organisations:
Level 1: SPECIALIST, time horizon short, e.g. day-to-day, perhaps sometim...
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Should Structure Follow Strategy?
When you're creating organization charts, you'll often have to deal with the eternal question: Does structure follow strategy or does strategy follow structure ?
But you have to refine it and relate it to "organisational effectiveness" ...
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Advantages and Disadvantages of the Matrix Structure
Advantages:
+ The matrix structure focuses on the unique needs of particular products, services, customers and/or geographical areas.
Usage (application)Organization Design
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Organization Charts are Compromises
Any organization structure you design is per definition a compromise between the various possibilities, each with their own advantages and disa...
Usage (application)Creating Organization Charts
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Advantages and Disadvantages of a Functional Structure
Advantages:
+ The functional structure encourages people with jobs in the same area of specialization to work together.
+ This helps...
Usage (application)Organization Design
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Key Considerations in Deciding Upon your Organizational Design
When setting up a business or organization, it is important to think about the roles, processes and relationships within your organization. Generally ...
Usage (application)Organization Set Up, Organizational Structure, Centralization, Span of Control, Departmentalization
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Implementing Coordination
When the first draft org chart is completed and the tasks have been assigned to manageable departments, the next phase is to consider how the various ...
Usage (application)Linking the Activities / Tasks
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Implementing Specialization
Organization charts are (the) key instrument to achieve specialization in any organization.
Two forms can be distinguished:
- Horizontal ...
Usage (application)Task Allocation
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Marketing Organization
Booz Allen identified 6 types of marketing organizations (May 29 2006 of Brandweek):
1. Marketing Masters: authority to coordinate with major bus...
Usage (application)Options to Consider
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比较： Levers of Control[控制杠杆] | 14 Principles of Management[14项管理原则] | Organizational Configurations[组织构型] | Chaos Theory[混沌理论] | Growth Phases[成长阶段] | Parenting Styles[母合类型] | Acquisition Integration Approaches[收购整合法] | Organic Organization[有机式组织] | Bases of Social Power[社会权力基础] | POSDCORB
返回到分类主页： 变革与组织 | 沟通与技能 | 决策与评估 | 人力资源管理 | 领导力 | 战略与策略 | 供应链与质量管理
更多管理方法、模型和理论
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Special Interest Group Leader
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明确组织内所有人员的角色和职责。
