Expectancy Theory[期望理论]
(Vroom)

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何为期望理论？ 释义

Victor Vroom的期望理论（Expectancy Theory）的研究范畴是动机与管理。 Vroom的理论假定，人类的行为总是从各种可能方案中进行有意识选择的结果， 选择的目的就是为了最大化快乐、最小化痛楚。 Vroom与Edward Lawler、Lyman Porter等人共同认为，员工的劳动行为和他们的个人目标之间的关系并不像从前科学家想象得那么简单。 Vroom意识到雇员的表现根据各自的因素例如个性、技能、知识、经验和能力。

期望理论认为每一个体都为自己设定了不同的人生目标，并对此怀有一定的期望，他们的积极性正因为有期望才被调动了起来。

期望理论的期望值

• 主观努力与客观绩效之间存在正向相关的关系，
• 优秀的绩效将会得到相应的奖赏，
• 这一奖赏使得个体的某一重要需求得到极大满足，
• 满足需求的热望，又恰恰是个体进行主观努力的力量之源。

Vroom的期望理论依据以下三种信念。

期望理论的信念

1. 效价（Valence）。 效价是一个心理学名词，指人们对于行动结果的价值评价（奖赏）。 员工所期望的回报既包括外在的如金钱、升职、假期、收益，也包括内在的如满足感。 管理人员必须识别员工的需求，并按照员工需求调整奖赏机制。

2. 期望值（Expectancy）。 员工们对于所从事工作能否达到某种目标的可能性有不同的期望值和信心程度。 管理必须发现什么资源、训练或者监督员工需要。

3. 手段工具（Instrumentality）。 员工们对于期望是否能够真正得到满足的感知，即便他们已经得到了来自上司的保证。 所以管理人员必须严格维持薪酬承诺。

Vroom认为，员工在其内心深处，已经将期望值、手段工具与效价三者建立起了关联性， 如此，就能产生一股向期望目标前进的激发力量，并带来愉悦，避免痛楚。 激发力量的大小可以通过公式来计算：

期望理论公式

Motivation = Valence x Expectancy(Instrumentality)，即激发力量 = 效价 X 期望值（手段工具）

这一公式可以用来揭示、预测： 员工的工作满意程度、职业选择、工作可能、工作投入，等等。

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最佳实践 关于期望理论的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。 How Can You Motivate Knowledge Workers? In the current 'knowledge era', the question what motivates knowledge workers, and, being a manager, how you should mot (...) 62   37条评论 What Motivates Employees? The Answer Depends (Partly) on their Generation The age of retirement has been moved to 60, 65, 70 years and beyond. Where each generation used to pass the baton; there (...) 50   50条评论 Working hard for a raise? A consequence that should not be overlooked of the formula M = V * E * I is that even if only one of the 3 elements is z (...) 44   3条评论 Motivation in Non-Profit Organizations I'm having difficulties finding a theory to help me research motivation, and the importance of it, in a non-profit organ (...) 20   5条评论 What is the distinguishing ratio? My problem with this theory is that there is no distinguishing ratio as to the level of performance that leads to a part (...) 19   Is your Job Meaningful? Finding a purpose in your job is important for millennials and in fact for everybody. Nevertheless, many people hav (...) 17   17条评论 Controlling the Minds of Employees I think there can be several way to achieve goals, however what's more important is to have control over the mind of the (...) 17   6条评论 Extended Version of the Expectancy Theory (Lambright) Lambright (2010) addresses an important weakness of the expectancy theory: it makes no distinction between certainty and (...) 15   Motivating an Employee by Valence According to Vroom, Valence refers to a preference for one outcome over another. It can be positive, neutral or negative (...) 14   3条评论 Theory of Needs by Maslow versus Vroom's Expectancy Theory Unlike the Theory of Needs by Maslow, Vroom's Expectancy Theory (ET) does NOT a priori assumes there are certain needs p (...) 11   2条评论 Motivation is Owned by the Individual Motivation is a slippery slope. I believe Wlodkowski who says: one cannot directly motivate another since motivation is (...) 6   5条评论

专家提示 关于Expectancy Theory（英语）的高级见解。在这里，您将找到专家的专业建议。 4 Steps to Motivate your Employees... Using Expectancy Theory in your Department / Group As a manager, you can motivate your employees applying Expectancy Theory. Take these 4 steps: 1. Find out what each ind (...) It's All About Perceptions! Implementing Expectancy Theory Note that what matters in expectancy theory are the perceptions of the person who is to be motivated, not the rea (...) Expectancy can be Unexpected! On Experts and Surprises Be careful with assuming what the expectancy of a person (employee) is going to be: Zakary Tormala did research on how (...) Relationships in Expectancy Theory Understanding / Teaching Expectancy Theory The Expectancy theory focuses on three relationships: 1. Effort<>Performance relationship. The probability perceived b (...) The Effort -> Performance Relationship Coaching, mentoring As mentioned in the summary, one of the expectations of Vroom�s theory is the positive relationship between effort and p (...) Reasons Why People are Doing Voluntary Work Expectancy Theory, Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Perspective, Volunteers Voluntary work has long been seen as an activity performed mainly by unemployed individuals �mostly women, both in their (...) Family-Work Conflicts (FWC) and Daily Job Performance Family-work conflicts, Coaching, Mentoring, Job Performance FAMILY ROLES and WORK are two factors influencing each other: - Work can interfere with family roles; this is called a W (...) Differences in Organizational Commitment Between Paid Workers and Volunteers Organizational Commitment, Employee Motivation, Non-profit Organizations Paid and unpaid workers in hybrid organizations Although financial considerations are an important reason to work for a (...)

信息来源 有关期望理论的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。 Human Motivation Employee Motivation Comprehesive presentation on Human / Employee Motivation. Topics: 1. What is motivation? 2. How do needs motivate peo (...) Overview of Content and Process Motivation Theories Motivation, Needs, Incentives, Goal Setting, Behavior Overview presentation of the major content motivation theories (Hierarchy of Needs; Acquired Needs theory; Two-Factor Th (...) External and Internal Motivation Motivation Presentation about motivation, from a psychological perspective. The presentation includes the following sections: 1. P (...) Reasons and Secrets of Employee Retention Employee Retention, Attrition This presentation is about Employee Retention and includes the following sections: 1. Introduction 2. Reasons for Empl (...) Intrinsic Motivation versus Extrensic Motivation Initial Understanding of Motivator Types and Consequences How can I do a better job of motivating a team? Dan Pink and Dan Ariely make a distinction between extrinsic motivators (...) Attitude, Motivation and Persuasion Persuasion Theory, Managing Behavior This presentation by S.J. Grant is about attitudes, motivation and how affects persuasion. The following sections are in (...) Voluntary Activities of Employees | Employee Volunteerism Employee Motivation, Employee Volunteerism, Employee Commitment, Shared Value, CSR, Corporate Reputation Presentation about employee volunteerism, including the following sections: 1. What is employee volunteerism 2. Employ (...) Work-Family Conflicts and Work-Life Policies Performance Management, Work-Life Balance, HR, Programs This presentation is about Work-Family Conflicts and Employee Performance. The presentation includes the following secti (...) Introduction and Summary of the Expectancy Theory of Motivation Initial Understanding of the Expectancy Theory, Trainings, Workshops Inspiring explanation of Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory using examples from the world of basketball and the meaning. E (...) Forecasting motivation Calculating motivation Some interesting formulas to calculate both negative and positive motivation. (...) Expectancy Theory Diagram Employee Motivation Download and edit this 12manage PowerPoint graphic for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in (...) Performance Measurement, Expectancy and Agency Theory Performance Measurement Theoretical analyses of (optimal) performance measures are typically performed within the realm of the linear agency mod (...)

研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源期望理论。 新闻 视频 简报 书比人好 更多

比较：  Hierarchy of Needs[需求层次理论]  |  Servant-Leadership[仆人式领导]  |  Theory of Needs[需求理论]  |  Hawthorne Effect[霍索恩效应]  |  Competing Values Framework[竞值架构]  |  Attribution Theory[归因理论]  |  Framing[心理定格]  |  Two Factor Theory[二因素理论] Hertzberg   |  Theory X Theory Y[X理论-Y理论]  |  Managerial Grid[管理方格理论]  |  ERG Theory[ERG理论]  |  Leadership Continuum[领导连续体]  |  Path-Goal Theory[路径-目标理论]  |  Leadership Styles[领导风格]  |  Situational Leadership[情境领导]  |  EPIC ADVISERS[史诗顾问]  |  Coaching[教练]  |  Mentoring[启导]

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