Expectancy Theory[期望理论]
(Vroom)

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基于个体因素的员工绩效表现。 Victor Vroom的Expectancy Theory[期望理论]解析。 (‘64)

何为期望理论？ 释义

Victor Vroom的期望理论（Expectancy Theory）的研究范畴是动机与管理。 Vroom的理论假定，人类的行为总是从各种可能方案中进行有意识选择的结果， 选择的目的就是为了最大化快乐、最小化痛楚。 Vroom与Edward Lawler、Lyman Porter等人共同认为，员工的劳动行为和他们的个人目标之间的关系并不像从前科学家想象得那么简单。 Vroom意识到雇员的表现根据各自的因素例如个性、技能、知识、经验和能力。

期望理论认为每一个体都为自己设定了不同的人生目标，并对此怀有一定的期望，他们的积极性正因为有期望才被调动了起来。

期望理论的期望值

• 主观努力与客观绩效之间存在正向相关的关系，
• 优秀的绩效将会得到相应的奖赏，
• 这一奖赏使得个体的某一重要需求得到极大满足，
• 满足需求的热望，又恰恰是个体进行主观努力的力量之源。

Vroom的期望理论依据以下三种信念。

期望理论的信念

1. 效价（Valence）。 效价是一个心理学名词，指人们对于行动结果的价值评价（奖赏）。 员工所期望的回报既包括外在的如金钱、升职、假期、收益，也包括内在的如满足感。 管理人员必须识别员工的需求，并按照员工需求调整奖赏机制。

2. 期望值（Expectancy）。 员工们对于所从事工作能否达到某种目标的可能性有不同的期望值和信心程度。 管理必须发现什么资源、训练或者监督员工需要。

3. 手段工具（Instrumentality）。 员工们对于期望是否能够真正得到满足的感知，即便他们已经得到了来自上司的保证。 所以管理人员必须严格维持薪酬承诺。

Vroom认为，员工在其内心深处，已经将期望值、手段工具与效价三者建立起了关联性， 如此，就能产生一股向期望目标前进的激发力量，并带来愉悦，避免痛楚。 激发力量的大小可以通过公式来计算：

期望理论公式

Motivation = Valence x Expectancy(Instrumentality)，即激发力量 = 效价 X 期望值（手段工具）

这一公式可以用来揭示、预测： 员工的工作满意程度、职业选择、工作可能、工作投入，等等。

期望理论 小组 小组 (11名成员)

期望理论论坛   在论坛部分，您将在此知识领域中找到最近的讨论。   Is your Job Meaningful? (17个反应) Finding a purpose in your job is important for millennials a...           Human Motivation Lies Within (4个反应) A human can never be motivated. You can just push a b...           Satisfaction from Achieving Goals (0个反应) Satisfaction will usually stem from achievement of goals. Na...           Motivation Should be a Two-way Process (0个反应) I think the motivation process between the manager and the e...           Marrying Employee and Employer Goals and Expectations (0个反应) This is the one theory that seeks to marry employee value pr...           Motivation for Success (2个反应) In my opinion, success comes from loving what you do....           Problems with Expectancy Theory. Disadvantages (0个反应) A problem with Expectancy Theory is that it breaks down i...           What Precisely is Valence? Definition of Valence (2个反应) Hi, for me it's hard to understand "valence"? It's not in my...           Measuring Motivation:The PIAV Assessment (0个反应) When it comes to looking at the individual there is no subst...           Motivating Workers: McGregor�s Example (2个反应) I believe that success in motivating employees is well expla...           Applications of the Expectancy Theory (1个反应) This is a very good summary of Expectancy Theory, but I 'd l...           Can Perpetual Demotivation Be Reversed? (0个反应) Demotivation is like the decomposition process, once it has ...           Motivating Disengaged Employees (0个反应) What is the organization theory for handling "disengaged emp...           Social and Organisational Psychology (2个反应) I have difficulty in finding theories to help me on -(Social...           Significance of Expectancy Theory (0个反应) Do you think the expectancy theory changed the way people we...           Small Motivation Tips (1个反应) I would be more interested in easy small things to get peopl...           How to Align Vroom's Theory with Psychological Contract in Disengaged Employees? (0个反应) Has anyone/organisation successfully achieved meaningful emp...

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Expert Tips (ENG) - Expectancy Theory 在专家提示部分，您可以找到该知识领域专家的建议。   4 Steps to Motivate your Employees... Using Expectancy Theory in your Department / Group...       It's All About Perceptions! Implementing Expectancy Theory...       Expectancy can be Unexpected! On Experts and Surprises...       Relationships in Expectancy Theory Understanding / Teaching Expectancy Theory...       The Effort -> Performance Relationship Coaching, mentoring...       Reasons Why People are Doing Voluntary Work Expectancy Theory, Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Perspective, Volunteers...       Family-Work Conflicts (FWC) and Daily Job Performance Family-work conflicts, Coaching, Mentoring, Job Performance...       Differences in Organizational Commitment Between Paid Workers and Volunteers Organizational Commitment, Employee Motivation, Non-profit Organizations...

相关资料 - 期望理论 在参考资料部分，您将在此知识领域内找到powerpoint演示文稿，微观学习视频，文章，新闻项目等。   新闻关于期望 理论         新闻关于动机 员工         视频关于期望 理论         视频关于动机 员工         简报关于期望 理论         简报关于动机 员工         更多关于期望 理论         更多关于动机 员工

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