所有关于Expectancy Theory[期望理论] （Vroom）

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何为期望理论？释义

Victor Vroom的期望理论（Expectancy Theory）的研究范畴是动机与管理。 Vroom的理论假定，人类的行为总是从各种可能方案中进行有意识选择的结果，选择的目的就是为了最大化快乐、最小化痛楚。 Vroom与Edward Lawler、Lyman Porter等人共同认为，员工的劳动行为和他们的个人目标之间的关系并不像从前科学家想象得那么简单。 Vroom意识到雇员的表现根据各自的因素例如个性、技能、知识、经验和能力。

期望理论认为每一个体都为自己设定了不同的人生目标，并对此怀有一定的期望，他们的积极性正因为有期望才被调动了起来。

期望理论的期望值

主观努力与客观绩效之间存在正向相关的关系，
优秀的绩效将会得到相应的奖赏，
这一奖赏使得个体的某一重要需求得到极大满足，
满足需求的热望，又恰恰是个体进行主观努力的力量之源。

Vroom的期望理论依据以下三种信念。

期望理论的信念

效价（Valence）。效价是一个心理学名词，指人们对于行动结果的价值评价（奖赏）。员工所期望的回报既包括外在的如金钱、升职、假期、收益，也包括内在的如满足感。管理人员必须识别员工的需求，并按照员工需求调整奖赏机制。
期望值（Expectancy）。员工们对于所从事工作能否达到某种目标的可能性有不同的期望值和信心程度。管理必须发现什么资源、训练或者监督员工需要。
手段工具（Instrumentality）。 员工们对于期望是否能够真正得到满足的感知，即便他们已经得到了来自上司的保证。所以管理人员必须严格维持薪酬承诺。

Vroom认为，员工在其内心深处，已经将期望值、手段工具与效价三者建立起了关联性，如此，就能产生一股向期望目标前进的激发力量，并带来愉悦，避免痛楚。激发力量的大小可以通过公式来计算：

期望理论公式

Motivation = Valence x Expectancy(Instrumentality)，即激发力量 = 效价 X 期望值（手段工具）

这一公式可以用来揭示、预测：员工的工作满意程度、职业选择、工作可能、工作投入，等等。

期望理论小组

小组 (12名成员)

期望理论论坛

关于这个主题的讨论：期望理论。

	How Can You Motivate Knowledge Workers? In the current 'knowledge era', the question what motivates knowledge workers, and, being a manager, how you should mot (...)

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	Working hard for a raise? A consequence that should not be overlooked of the formula M = V * E * I is that even if only one of the 3 elements is z (...)

	Motivation in Non-Profit Organizations I'm having difficulties finding a theory to help me research motivation, and the importance of it, in a non-profit organ (...)

	What is the distinguishing ratio? My problem with this theory is that there is no distinguishing ratio as to the level of performance that leads to a part (...)

	Is your Job Meaningful? Finding a purpose in your job is important for millennials and in fact for everybody. Nevertheless, many people have a (...)

	Motivating an Employee by Valence According to Vroom, Valence refers to a preference for one outcome over another. It can be positive, neutral or negative (...)

	Motivating an Employee by Expectancy According to Vroom, Expectancy is the 'momentary belief concerning the likelihood that a particular act will be followed (...)

	Effort Leads to Performance This is true in most cases, the more you put in the more you get out but there are times when this is not the case. If (...)

	Theory of Needs by Maslow versus Vroom's Expectancy Theory Unlike the Theory of Needs by Maslow, Vroom's Expectancy Theory (ET) does NOT a priori assumes there are certain needs p (...)

	Misunderstandings About Motivation Motivation is found to be hard by many people but I would like to put across that: 1. Motivation can be done even witho (...)

	Creative Chaos is Conducive to Motivation When one considers motivation in business organizational terms and politics, the first thing that comes to mind is monet (...)

	Motivation is Owned by the Individual Motivation is a slippery slope. I believe Wlodkowski who says: one cannot directly motivate another since motivation is (...)

	Expectancy versus Needs? There are many different ways to reach goals, but I believe that the NEEDS have more weight than the EXPECTANCY. So what (...)

	Motivation Should be a Two-way Process I think the motivation process between the manager and the employees is exchangeable, i.e. bosses should motivate their (...)

	Marrying Employee and Employer Goals and Expectations This is the one theory that seeks to marry employee value proposition (goals and expectations) to the employer's (effect (...)

	Satisfaction from Achieving Goals Satisfaction will usually stem from achievement of goals. Naturally, any employee who believes that his needs have been (...)

	Measuring Motivation:The PIAV Assessment When it comes to looking at the individual there is no substitute (personal bias here) for the Personal Interests, Attit (...)

	Motivation for Success In my opinion, success comes from loving what you do. Is your current work your passion? When you study highly successfu (...)

	Problems with Expectancy Theory. Disadvantages A problem with Expectancy Theory is that it breaks down if employee does not believe in the motivation or reward. Then o (...)

	What Precisely is Valence? Definition of Valence Hi, for me it's hard to understand "valence"? It's not in my English dictionary. Can you give me some help? (...)

	Motivating Workers: McGregor�s Example I believe that success in motivating employees is well explained in McGregor�s example in which, to the question: "What (...)

	Applications of the Expectancy Theory This is a very good summary of Expectancy Theory, but I 'd like to know the applications of it in budgeting and planning (...)

	Can Perpetual Demotivation Be Reversed? Demotivation is like the decomposition process, once it has started, the tale-tale signs remains in spite of whatever vi (...)

	Motivating Disengaged Employees What is the organization theory for handling "disengaged employees"? Can anyone advise? (...)

	Social and Organisational Psychology I have difficulty in finding theories to help me on -(Social influence and group dynamic process and worker behaviour) (...)

	Significance of Expectancy Theory Do you think the expectancy theory changed the way people were managed? Why? (...)

	Small Motivation Tips I would be more interested in easy small things to get people motivated. Any ideas such as participating in some special (...)

	How to Align Vroom's Theory with Psychological Contract in Disengaged Employees? Has anyone/organisation successfully achieved meaningful employee motivation applying the Vroom formula in appraisal sys (...)

期望理论最佳实践

在这里，您将找到过去最有价值的讨论。

🥇	Controlling the Minds of Employees I think there can be several way to achieve goals, however what's more important is to have control over the mind of the (...)

🥈	Extended Version of the Expectancy Theory (Lambright) Lambright (2010) addresses an important weakness of the expectancy theory: it makes no distinction between certainty and (...)

🥉	Human Motivation Lies Within A human can never be motivated. You can just push a bit and show a way. A person always needs to be self-motivated to pe (...)

Expectancy Theory专家提示（英语）

在这里，您将找到专家的建议。

	4 Steps to Motivate your Employees... Using Expectancy Theory in your Department / Group (...)

	It's All About Perceptions! Implementing Expectancy Theory (...)

	Expectancy can be Unexpected! On Experts and Surprises (...)

	Relationships in Expectancy Theory Understanding / Teaching Expectancy Theory (...)

	The Effort -> Performance Relationship Coaching, mentoring (...)

	Reasons Why People are Doing Voluntary Work Expectancy Theory, Corporate Social Responsibility, Stakeholder Perspective, Volunteers (...)

	Family-Work Conflicts (FWC) and Daily Job Performance Family-work conflicts, Coaching, Mentoring, Job Performance (...)

	Differences in Organizational Commitment Between Paid Workers and Volunteers Organizational Commitment, Employee Motivation, Non-profit Organizations (...)

期望理论信息来源

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Expectancy Theory[期望理论] (Vroom)

摘要，论坛，最佳做法，专家提示和资源。

何为期望理论？ 释义

期望理论的期望值

期望理论的信念

期望理论公式

Expectancy Theory[期望理论]
(Vroom)

何为期望理论？释义