Что такое Expectancy Theory (Теория ожиданий) ? Описание
Expectancy Theory (Теория ожиданий) Victor Vroom имеет дело с мотивацией и управлением. Теория Vroom предполагает, что поведение является результатом сознательных выборов из альтернатив. Намерение выборов заключается в максимизации положительных явлений и минимизации негативных. Вместе с Edward Lawler и Lyman Porter, Vroom предложил, что взаимоотношение между поведением людей на работе и их целями не так просто как изначально предполагалось другими учеными. Vroom понимал, что производительность сотрудника основана на индивидуальных факторах таких как личность, навыки, знание, опыт и способности.
Теория ожиданий утверждает, что люди преследуют различные цели и могут быть мотивированы, если у них есть определенные ожидания.
Ожидания в Теории ожиданий
Существует положительная корреляция между усилиями и эффективностью,
Хороший уровень эффективности приведет к желательному вознаграждению,
Вознаграждение удовлетворит важную потребность,
Желание удовлетворить потребность достаточно сильно для того, чтобы сделать усилие стоящим.
Теория ожиданий Vroom основана на следующих 3 убеждениях.
Убеждения Теории ожиданий
Значимость (Valence). Относится к эмоциональной ориентации людей по отношению к результатам [вознаграждениям]. Ожидания сотрудника в отношении внешних [деньги, продвижение, свободное время, преимущества] или внутренних [удовлетворенность] вознаграждений. Менеджмент должен понять что ценят сотрудники.
Ожидания (Expectancy). Сотрудники имеют различные ожидания в отношении того, чем они занимаются. Менеджмент должен понять какие ресурсы, тренинги или виды контроля нужны сотрудникам.
Содействие (Instrumentality). Восприятие сотрудников в отношении того, получат ли они в действительности то, что желают. Менеджмент должен проследить, чтобы обещания выполнялись и чтобы сотрудники были осведомлены.
Vroom указывает на то, что убеждения сотрудника в отношении ожиданий, содействия и значимости (Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence) взаимодействуют психологически. Таким образом, они создают мотивационную силу. Эта сила может быть «высчитана» по формуле:
Формула Теории ожиданий
Мотивация = Значимость x Ожидания(Содействие).
Эту формулу можно использовать для того, чтобы показать и предсказать такие явления, как: удовлетворенность работой, выбор профессии, вероятность того, что сотрудник останется на рабочем месте, и старательность работника.
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