Stages of Team Development[团队发展阶段]
(Tuckman)

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什么是团队发展阶段？ 释义

Bruce Tuckman的团队发展阶段（Stages of Team Development）模型可以被用来辨识团队构建与发展的关键性因素，

并对团队的历史发展给以解释。 团队发展的五个阶段是： 组建期（Forming）、激荡期（Storming）、规范期（Norming）、执行期（Performing）和休整期（Adjourning）。 （休整期是在1977年后加入的。） 根据Tuckman，所有五个阶段都是必须的、不可逾越的，团队在成长、迎接挑战、处理问题、发现方案、规划、处置结果等一系列经历过程中必然要经过上述五个阶段。
 

团队发展阶段的起源。 历史

1965年，Bruce Tuckman （1938 -）发表了一篇短文，题为《小型团队的发展序列》（Developmental Sequence in Small Groups）。 1977年，他在1965年提出的四阶段中加入第五阶段： 休整期。 该模型对后来的组织发展理论产生了深远的影响，部分原因也许是它的分期比较押韵吧。

团队发展阶段的运用。 应用

• 组建、发展团队。
• 分析团队行为。

团队发展阶段。 流程

1. 组建期。 项目小组启蒙阶段。
   • 项目团队酝酿，形成测试。 测试的目的是为了辨识团队的人际边界以及任务边界。 通过测试，建立起团队成员的相互关系、团队成员与团队领导之间的关系，以及各项团队标准等。
   • 团队成员行为具有相当大的独立性。 尽管他们有可能被促动，但普遍而言，这一时期他们缺乏团队目的、活动的相关信息。 部分团队成员还有可能表现出不稳定、忧虑的特征。
   • 团队领导在带领团队的过程中，要确保团队成员之间建立起一种互信的工作关系。 指挥或“告知”式领导。 与团队成员分享团队发展阶段的概念，达成共识。
2. 激荡期。 形成各种观念，激烈竞争、碰撞的局面。
   • 项目团队获取团队发展的信心，但是存在人际冲突、分化的问题。
   • 团队成员面对其他成员的观点、见解，更想要展现个人性格特征。 对于团队目标、期望、角色以及责任的不满和挫折感被表露出来。
   • 项目领导指引项目团队度过激荡转型期。 教练式领导。 强调团队成员的差异，相互包容。
3. 规范期。 规则，价值，行为，方法，工具均已建立。
   • 项目团队效能提高，团队开始形成自己的身份识别。
   • 团队成员调适自己的行为，以使得团队发展更加自然、流畅。 有意识地解决问题，实现组织和谐。 动机水平增加。
   • 团队领导允许团队有更大的自治性。 参与式领导。
4. 执行期。 人际结构成为执行任务活动的工具， 团队角色更为灵活和功能化，团队能量积聚于一体。
   • 项目团队运作如一个整体。 工作顺利、高效完成，没有任何冲突，不需要外部监督。
   • 团队成员对于任务层面的工作职责有清晰的理解。 没有监督，自治，即便在没有监督的情况下自己也能做出决策。 随处可见“我能做”的积极工作态度。 互助协作。
   • 项目领导让团队自己执行必要的决策。 委任式领导。
5. 休整期。 任务完成，团队解散。
   • 项目团队。 有些学者将第五阶段描述为“哀痛期”，反映了团队成员的一种失落感。
   • 团队成员动机水平下降，关于团队未来的不确定性开始回升。
   • 项目领导： 为了形成新的发展阶段，有必要介绍关于新项目的好点子。 分离式领导。

团队发展阶段的优势。 优点

• 为团队发展提供阶段指导。

团队发展阶段的局限。 缺点

• 该模型是用来描述小型团队的。
• 实际上，团队发展轨迹不一定象Tuckman的描述是线形的，而有可能是循环式的。
• 该模型描述的阶段特征并不可靠，因为它主要考量的是人的行为，而当团队从一个阶段跨向另一个阶段的时候，团队成员的行为特征变化并不明显。 它们也很有可能会发生交叠。
• 模型没有考虑到团队成员的个人角色特征。 比较： Belbin Team Roles[贝尔宾团队角色]
• 在阶段发展跨越上没有给出时间框架指导。 这是一个主客观相结合的模型。

论坛 关于以下内容的论坛讨论：团队发展阶段。您可以在下方提出有关此主题的问题、分享您的经验、报告新的发展或解释一些事情。 开始一个新的论坛主题关于团队发展阶段 在这里分享您的知识（或提出问题）   How to Create Team Spirit? Besides Tuckman's 5 Stages of Team Development, who can give further input on how you can create team spirit? Thanks.... 31   19条评论 Factors for Assembling Project Teams Could anyone suggest some ideas around the sort of factors that both an organisation and project manager would consider when assembling a project team? Thanks...... 17   2条评论 How to Deal with a Team that is Stuck? I am interested in understanding how to move a team forward from what I call being "stuck" - not sure about the way forward to becoming "unstuck" - getting clarity on the way ahead. Any suggestions as... 15   10条评论 Social Facilitation Imagine that you are a newly appointed trainee at a firm, and your boss tells you to make a four-slide presentation, based on your area of research during your study (an 'easy task'). In this situatio... 14   13条评论 Remote/Hybrid Work and Team Development How do you believe remote/hybrid work has changed or will change our understanding of team development (i.e., Tuckman)?... 13   12条评论 Is Tuckman's Team Formation Model Still Valid, Useful or Outdated? Like many people, I was introduced to the Tuckman's model a long time ago, and through my years in consultancies, I formed and normed teams on projects. Projects is the business of consultancies. Tuck... 12   9条评论 The 8 Myths About Teams Here is one of my favorite topics for discussion. Since my first real job in 1969 I have worked in various types of teams. Some of them were excellent, most often the ad hoc teams formed for a specif... 11   15条评论 How to Develop an Existing, Inherited Team (Watkins) Leading a team inherited from a predecessor is quite different from building one from scratch. Obviously, most newly appointed leaders have limited familiarity with their team, they didn�t get to hand... 10   Dreyfus & Dreyfus Model of Skills Acquisition According to brothers Stuart E. Dreyfus and Hubert L. Dreyfus (A Five-Stage Model of the Mental Activities Involved in Directed Skill Acquisition, University of California, Berkely, February 1980) ind... 9   Team Management Problem: BOOT Model I face a very unique problem in my problem related to team management. It is like this: I am project manager of an e-governance project and working at site location. My present team of only developers... 8   8条评论 Team Building - How to Deal with Those Who Don't Want to Join Hi, I am heading a learning center with 60 staff. As part of a transformation process, we plan to have a team building exercise 500 km away from the office. However 25% of the staff ~ mostly ladies ~ ... 7   2条评论 Team Development Stages are Culturally Bound We have to consider the culture of the team; the stages of team development differ from one country to another.... 7   2条评论 Teamwork Models and Theory I need a critical review of various teamwork and team effectiveness models/theories including strengths and weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages.... 5   1条评论 What Makes Sport Teams Different from Organizational Teams? During major sport events and also in management literature, there's so much talk about sport teams. But, - Are sport TEAMS a perfect microcosm for teams in all other areas? - Can the LEADERSHIP of ... 3

最佳实践 关于团队发展阶段的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。 🥇 7 Reasons Why Teams don't Work Despite the widespread belief that working in teams makes people more creative and productive, research consistently shows that teams underperform or do not work well more often than not. Hereunder ar... 12   8条评论 🥈 Diverse Team Building DIVERSE (cross-functional, multidisciplinary, multicultural) TEAMS can be very creative and perform extraordinary well. At the same time, achieving a fit or �interpersonal congruence� among team membe... 10   8条评论

专家提示 关于Stages of Team Development（英语）的高级见解。在这里，您将找到专家的专业建议。 COG's Ladder A similar 5 stages model A later, similar model (1972) is the one by a Procter and Gamble manager George O. Charrier who distinguishes an extra s... Developing Bold Teams Enforce Your Teams If you want your team to become a bold team, use these tactics: - Give positive feedback, and help team members grow, c... Mobilize the Expertise in your Team Early On Team Formation, Expert Power, Group Decision-making, Extroversion, Introversion In a short article, Bonner and Bolinger describe a surprisingly simple process to beef up the problem solving and/or dec... How to Determine in What Stage a Team is? Characteristics of Stages of Teams To identify each of the stages, the following stage characteristics could be useful: FORMING: 1. Members are trying to... Do you really need a Team? Before Norming Don't forget to ask yourself the question BEFORE you start forming your team or project: Do I really need a team? Can no... The Role of Team Familiarity in Project Team Effectiveness Team Formation, Team Building, Project Management Although managers intuitively understand that team familiarity affects the way a team or group will perform, the power o... Know Thyself Project Managers As Tuckman showed, a project manager needs different styles depending on the team stage. As a project manager, certain s... Patience Pays Off Project Management Perhaps the biggest lesson of Tuckman, especially for result-oriented project managers is to remember to plan and allow ...

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研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源团队发展阶段。 新闻 视频 简报   书比人好 学术的 更多

比较： Team Management Profile[团队管理剖面]  |  Belbin Team Roles[贝尔宾团队角色]  |  PMBOK[项目管理知识体系]  |  IPMA Competence Baseline[ICB，国际项目管理专业资质标准]  |  PAEI[PAEI管理角色]  |  Action Learning[行动学习法]  |  Appreciative Inquiry[肯定式探询]  |  Leadership Continuum[领导连续体]  |  Situational Leadership[情境领导]  |  Johari Window[乔哈里资讯窗]

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