Three Levels of Culture
(Schein)

Knowledge Center

Cultures surrounds us all. Cultures are deep seated, pervasive and complex.

Yet, according to Edgard Schein, we cannot understand Organizational Learning, development and planned change, unless we consider culture as the primary source of resistance to change.

Furthermore, if managers do not become conscious of the cultures in which they are embedded, those cultures will manage them. Cultural understanding is desirable for everybody, but it is essential for leaders if they are to lead.

With his Three Levels of Culture, Edgard Schein has provided an important contribution to defining what organizational culture actually is.

What are the Three Levels of Culture? Description

Schein divides organizational culture into three levels:

1. Artifacts. These "artifacts" are at the surface, those aspects (such as dress) which can be easily discerned, but are hard to understand.
2. Espoused Values. Beneath artifacts are "espoused values" which are conscious strategies, goals and philosophies.
3. Basic Assumptions and Values. The core, or essence, of culture is represented by the basic underlying assumptions and values, which are difficult to discern because they exist at a largely unconscious level. Yet they provide the key to understanding why things happen in a particular way. These basic assumptions form around deeper dimensions of human existence such as the nature of humans, human relationships and activity, reality and truth.

In his 1992 classic book: "Organizational Culture and Leadership", Schein defines the culture of a group: "A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems".

In a more recent 1996 publication Schein defines organizational culture as: "the basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people are sharing and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and, their overt behavior".

Schein (1992) acknowledges that - even with rigorous study - we can only make statements on elements of culture. We cannot explain culture in its entirety. Schein recommends the following approach for inquiring about culture: iterative, clinical, similar to a therapeutic relationship between a psychologist and a patient. The disciplined approach by Schein to culture stands in contrast to the way in which culture is treated in some of the popular management magazines.
 

Book: Edgard Schein - Organizational Culture and Leadership

Forum Forum discussions about the Three Levels of Culture. Below you can ask a question about this topic, share your experiences, report a new development, or explain something. Start a new topic about Three Levels of Culture Share your knowledge here (or ask a question)   Three Levels of Culture by Sathe Who actually developed the three levels of culture: is it Sathe (1985) or Schein (1992)? According to Sathe, the three levels of Culture are: 1. Manifest level, 2. Expressed value level... 14   The Denison Culture Model Caroline J. Fisher in Employment Relations Today, Summer 2000, in her article, "Like it or Not... Culture Matters" describes Denison's Culture and Effectiveness Model: 1. Mission - the degree to... 13   3 comments Innovative, Learning Organisations? Corporate culture also influences organisational learning and innovation. An interesting opinion by Schein is that, because the very concept of the organisation involves some restriction of individual... 10   🔥 NEW The Impact of Covid-19 on Company Culture There is a social impact of the Covid-19 pandemic as it requires social distancing and security. Employees are often required to work from home. And when they have meetings, like with other company st... 6   15 comments The Distinction Between Organizational Culture and Organizational Climate People tend to view these two concepts as the same and use them interchangeably. I believe that there is a difference between both. Could anyone please make a distinction between them?... 5   3 comments Will Artificial Intelligence Affect the Culture of your Organization? We all know that employee involvement in the management (decision-making) of the company is helpful to form a good workplace culture, as long as their achievements are properly recognized. At this tim... 4   4 comments Creating a Good Working Environment and Culture It is very important to create a working environment in a company for the employees to feel not stressed and to be motivated. The working environment has a physical component, but also a non-physical ... 4   4 comments Five Steps to Guard Against Cultural Risk A proper corporate culture can be a competitive advantage of a company and usually is considered a very important asset. But sometimes it can also become a liability and cause a cultural crisis. A cul... 3   A Culture of Voice for the Millennials Generation Millennials are those typically born between 1980 and before 1995. They outnumber the Gen-X and Baby Boomer population in the workplace since 2018. The Millennial generation value and prioritize ... 3   3 comments What is the X Factor That Can Make your Culture Great? Quiddity The X factor that will really differentiate your culture is unique for each company. Some X factors that are often used include transparency, a culture of trust, and put people first. They are all to ... 3   2 comments How Does Globalization Impact your Organizational Culture? Globalization has various cultural consequences. Robert Holton (2000) in his article "Globalization's Cultural Consequences", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, argue... 3   Employee Culture and Organization Design Organizations who designed themselves in accordance with their employee culture are more and more successful and long sustaining.... 3   3 comments The Influence of Organizational Culture and Intellectual Capital on the Management Accounting System as well as the Corporate Performance The above research topic has been conducted among companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The Intellectual Capital is divided into its sub-components: Human, Structural, Social and Tec... 3   2 comments Three Levels of Culture Iceberg We have used the concept of Schein's three levels in conjunction with the 'iceberg' analogy; Behaviour - visible, changeable Attitudes - under the surface, may change over time, Facts - ... 2   1 comments How can Organizational Culture Lead to Company Performance? Sorensen (2000) found that if an organization maintains a strong culture by demonstrating a well integrated and effective set of specific values, beliefs, and behaviors, then it will perform at a HIGH... 2   2 comments Enrich your Culture with Process Theology Your culture is your "Yellow Submarine". It reflects a natural consensus. Surface that consensus. Is your "Yellow Submarine" going somewhere or is it just a state-of-being. Or both. Define your instru... 2   1 comments Write Down the Unwritten Rules of your Organization's Culture According to Jocelyn Goldfein, "Culture is the behavior you reward and punish". In other words, behavior will shape culture. Behavior which is based on the unwritten rules is what will determine the c... 2   The Influence of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Culture on the Management Accounting System and Company Performance - INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL includes human capital, innovation capital, process capital, structural capital, and other different elements to create business value and improve performance (Edvinsson and Mal... 2   How to Establish a Positive Organizational Culture? I feel very strongly that a critical part of trying to develop a "positive" organizational culture centers around being able to establish interpersonal relationships, through a "dialogue" communicatio... 1

Best Practices The best, top-rated topics about the Three Levels of Culture. Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions. How to Choose and 'Live' the Right Values for a Firm / Organisation? Values are being revisited in many organisations - yet few manage to select the right values and then anchor them in their culture as virtues. Often because they simply don't know how. Other causes of... 17   27 comments WHEN to Develop a Company Culture? Nowadays in our global world anybody has an opinion about what company culture means and why it's important. But in the view of McKinnon, it's premature to focus on building a world-class culture... 12   21 comments Organisational Structure and Design Will (Always) Influence Organisation's Culture I have been researching the topic and quite frankly can't find any contradicting theory or thesis stating otherwise, that the org structure will not influence an organisation's culture. Any ideas?... 11   5 comments Factors in Organizational Culture? What main factors are making up or influencing the culture of an organization?... 9   5 comments Influence of External Environment on Organizational Culture To what extend does the external environment influence the 3 levels of organizational culture?... 5   3 comments

Expert Tips Advanced insights about the Three Levels of Culture. Here you will find professional advices by experts. Reasons for Shared Beliefs and a Homogeneous Corporate Culture Why does Homogeneity Develop? According to a 2005 Paper by Eric Van den Steen on Shared Beliefs and Corporate Culture, there are two main reasons why ... Establishing an Organizational Culture of Perpetual Crisis Corporate Culture Best Practice An interesting article in the issue of Fortune (Sept. 5, 2005, no. 15) explains how Jong-Yong Yun, CEO of Samsung, is re... Strategies to Change Employee Habits, Hearts and Heads Changing Organization Cultures According to J.E. Kee and K.E. Newcomer ("Why Do Change Efforts Fail? What Can Leaders Do About It?", The Public Manager... Pitfalls and Best Practices in Culture Change Changing Organizational Cultures, What to DO and what NOT According to Jon Katzenbach and Ashley Harshak ("Stop Blaming Your Culture", strategy+business, Spring 2011, Issue 62), ... Other Thinkers on Corporate Culture Different Approaches After Schein's work on Organizational Culture, economic literature on this topic has been growing steadly: - Kreps (199... Key Behaviors of Innovative Organizations Innovation Management, Culture Change, Organizational Change, Innovative Culture, Organizational Culture Many large-scale attempts to make organizations more innovative are experiencing organizational inertia, barriers and/or... Why is Changing an Organization Culture So Hard? The ASA Model (Schneider) Organization Culture, Culture Change, Corporate Culture, Change Management, Recruitment Why is changing an organization culture so difficult? Because, once it is established, a culture has the tendency to str... How Culture Levels Explain Failures in Organizational Learning and Innovation Improving Organizational Learning, Organizational Innovation, Changing Organization Cultures Schein (as cited by Bertagni et al., 2010) tries to elaborate on the question why organizational innovations often fail ... Organodynamics: the 3 Laws at the Basis of Performance in Organizations Strategic Performance Management, Leadership, Corporate Mission, Corporate Culture Sherwood (2014) introduces the concept of organodynamics, a concept that explores the level of performance that can be a... 7 Mechanisms to Change Corporate Cultures Change Management, Organizational Change, Culture Change Management can choose from this menu of actions to change a problematic corporate culture: 1. Making a compelling case... The Importance of Culture in Organizational Performance Organizational Culture, Corporate Culture, Employee Behavior, Organizational Performance John Connolly, former CEO of Deloitte UK, argues that one of the most critical determinants of organizational performanc... PROs and CONs of a Strong Corporate Culture Corporate Culture Change, Change Management, Organizational Change Implementing a significant change is generally easier when the corporate culture is not strong. By strong Corporate Cult...

Information Sources Various sources of information regarding the Three Levels of Culture. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops. Organizational Culture and Critical Theory, Including Schein Organizational Culture A detailed presentation, explaining Organizational Culture and Critical Culture. A description of Organizational Cultur... Management Across Cultures: Managing in a Global Context Cross-Cultural Management, Cultural Dimensions, Cultural Intelligence, Multicultural Teams, Global Leadership, Global HR This presentation consist of six sections that together form an extensive description of management across cultures. The... Edgar Schein on the Role of Macro and Micro Cultures in Corporations Appreciating the Role of National and Occupational Cultures in Corporate Cultures Interview with Professor Emeritus, MIT, Edgar Schein on corporate cultures in which he explains that we need to increasi... Reasons for Merger Failures mergers, synergies, information, uncertainty, organizational culture This paper by Albert Banal_estanol and Jo Seldeslachts proposes an explanation as to why some mergers fail, based on the... Organizational Culture and Effectiveness:Can American Theory Be Applied in Russia? Organizational Culture, Effectiveness, Russia, Transition Economies This paper by Carl F. Fey and Daniel R. Denison examines the link between organizational culture and effectiveness for f... Introduction to Organizational Culture and Climate Organizational Culture, Organizational Climate Presentation about organizational culture and climate, including the following sections: 1. Learning objectives 2. Bas... Building the Helping Relationship 10 Principles for Facilitative Consultancy Superb article by MIT Professor and OD consultant Edgar H. Schein in which he concludes that: "... The decisive factor ... Organizational Cuture and Relationship Skills Corporate culture, alliances While both the strategic management and the network literature recognize the importance of inter-firm relationships for ... Corporate Diversity and Inclusion Cross Functional Team, Organizational Culture, Globalization, Organizational Change, HRM, Cultural Dimensions In this introduction video, top managers of Skanska share their vision on Diversity and Inclusion and the strategic impo... What is Corporate Culture? 4 CEOs Share their Views Corporate Culture, Organization Culture, Organizational Culture, Starter for Training / Workshop Arkadi Kuhlman (ING), Tony Hsieh (Zappos), Bernie Marcus (Home Depot), Shelly Lazarus (Ogilvy & Maher) share their views... The Characteristics of a High Performance Organisation Characteristics, Core Competence, Corporate Culture Under the pressure of ever increasing demands of the external environment and stakeholders, organizations are more and m... Culture, Cultural Competence, Cultural Intelligence and the CQ Cultural Intelligence This presentation is a good introduction to culture and contains three large sections: Culture, Cultural Competenence an... Introduction to Organizational Culture Initial Understanding of Organizational Culture and Why it Matters to an Organization Daniel Denison explains what an organizational culture is and why this own unique identity matters to an organization. H... Organizational Culture and Leadership Organizational Culture, Leadership Comprehensive presentation by W. Baker-Thompson, explaining the concept of Organizational Culture according to Schein wi... Three Levels of Culture Diagram Organizational Culture Download and edit this 12manage PowerPoint graphic for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in ...

Research Links Jump to further research sources regarding the Three Levels of Culture. News Videos Presentations   Books Academic More

Compare with Three Levels of Culture:  Contingency Theory  |  Change Management Iceberg  |  Culture Types  |  Changing Organization Cultures  |  Change Phases  |  Force Field Analysis  |  Core Group Theory  |  Spiral of Silence  |  Groupthink  |  Planned Behavior  |  Knowledge Management (Collison & Parcell)  |  Organizational Memory  |  Organizational Learning  |  Leadership Continuum  |  Cultural Intelligence  |  Forget Borrow Learn

Return to Management Hub: Change & Organization  |  Ethics & Responsibility  |  Human Resources  |  Leadership  |  Strategy & Innovation

More Management Methods, Models and Theory