Productlevenscyclus
(Levitt)

Kenniscentrum

Het model van de Productlevenscyclus kan helpen om volwassenheidstadia van producten en industrieën te analyseren.

De term werd voor het eerst gebruikt door Theodore Levitt in 1965 in een artikel in de Harvard Business Review: „Exploit the Product Life Cycle“ (Volume 43, november-december 1965, pp 81-94). Om het even welk bedrijf zoekt constant manieren om toekomstige kasstromen te kweken door het maximaliseren van de omzet van de verkoop van producten en diensten. Cash flow staat een bedrijf toe om levensvatbaar te blijven, in nieuwe productontwikkeling te investeren en zijn werknemersbestand te verbeteren. Dit alles in een poging om extra marktaandeel te verwerven en een leider in zijn respectievelijke industrie te worden.

Een constante en duurzame kasstroom uit productverkoop is zeer belangrijk voor iedere lange termijn investering, en de beste manier om een stabiele omzetstroom te bereiken is één of meerdere Cash Cows te hebben. Cash Cows zijn krachtige producten die een groot marktaandeel in volwassen markten hebben bereikt.

Ook, wordt de Product Life Cycle (Productlevenscyclus) korter en korter. Vele producten in volgroeide industrieën worden gerevitaliseerd door middel van productdifferentiatie en marktsegmentatie. Organisaties herwaarderen in toenemende mate product levenscyclus kosten en omzetten, omdat de beschikbare tijd om een product te verkopen, en de investering terug te krijgen, krimpt.

Hoewel de product levenscyclus krimpt, wordt de werkingsduur van vele producten steeds langer. Zo is bijvoorbeeld de werkingsduur van sommige duurzame goederen, zoals auto's en apparaten, wezenlijk gestegen. Hierdoor moeten de bedrijven die deze producten produceren met de levensduur van de markt of de dienst rekening houden wanneer zij plannen maken. Meer en meer proberen bedrijven om omzet en winsten over de volledige levenscyclus te optimaliseren. Zij doen dit door middel van productgaranties, reserveonderdelen, en door in staat te zijn om bestaande producten te updaten.

Het is duidelijk dat het Productlevenscyclus concept significante invloed heeft op de bedrijfsstrategie en op prestaties van bedrijven. De Productlevenscyclus methode identificeert de verschillende stadia die de verkoop van een product kunnen beïnvloeden. Vanaf het allereerste begin van het product tot zijn einde.

De stadia in de Product Life Cycle (Productlevenscyclus)

• Introductiefase. Het product wordt geïntroduceerd in de markt door een geconcentreerde en intense marketing inspanning die wordt ontworpen om een duidelijke identiteit te vestigen en maximale bekendheid te bevorderen. In dit stadium zullen vele proef- of impulsaankopen voorkomen.
• Groeifase. Kan worden herkend door stijgende verkopen en de opkomst van concurrenten. Aan de kant van de verkoper, wordt de groeifase ook gekenmerkt door voortdurende marketingactiviteiten. Sommige klanten doen herhalingsaankopen.
• Volwassenheidsfase. Deze fase kan worden herkend wanneer concurrenten de markt beginnen te verlaten. Ook, wordt de verkoopsnelheid dramatisch verminderd, en het verkoopvolume bereikt een stabiel niveau. Op dit moment kopen vaak loyale klanten het product.
• Dalingsfase. Langzaam doorzettende gevolgen van concurrentie, ongunstige economische voorwaarden, nieuwe tendensen, enz., verklaren vaak de daling in de verkoop.

Verscheidene variaties van het Industrielevenscyclus model zijn ontwikkeld om de ontwikkeling van het product, de markt, en/of de industrie te behandelen. Hoewel de modellen gelijksoortig zijn, verschillen zij wat betreft het aantal stadia en de namen van de stadia. Hier is een lijst van sommige belangrijke modellen:
 

variaties van het levenscyclusmodel

1973: Fox: voorcommercialisatie - introductie - groei - volwassenheid - daling.
1974: Wasson: marktontwikkeling - snelle groei - concurrerende turbulentie- verzadiging/volwassenheid - daling

1984: Anderson & Zeithaml: introductie - groei - volwassenheid - daling

1998: Hill en Jones: embryonaal - groei - shakeout - volwassenheid - daling

Forum Forumdiscussies over de Productlevenscyclus. Hieronder kunt u een vraag stellen over dit onderwerp, uw ervaringen delen, een nieuwe ontwikkeling melden, of iets toelichten. Begin een nieuw onderwerp over Productlevenscyclus Deel hier uw kennis (of stel een vraag)   Product Life Cycle versus Ansoff Model Can the relationship of Ansoff and the Product Life Cycle model be summarised as follows? - Product Development - Introduction Stage of PLC. - Market Development - Growth stage of PLC. ... 29   2 reacties The Marketing Strategy to Pursue at Various Stages of the PLC The PLC curve is divided into 4 stages: Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. The suggested logical strategies at each of the stages are: INTRODUCTION ⇨ CREATE THE MARKET SHAR... 12   The Impact of Short Term Investing / Financing on New Product Development Dear all, I am currently carrying out an investigation on the impact of short term financing and short term capital investment. B2B industrial markets are facing constant pressure for produc... 10   4 reacties Comparing the Product Life Cycle and the BCG Matrix We can map or plot the product life cycle stages to the BCG matrix quadrants as follows: 1. Introduction - Question Mark 2. Growth - Star 3. Mature - Cash Cow 4. Decline - Dog ... 6   Product Life Cycle (PLC) and Food Standards Dear all, I am looking for information about the potential relationship between the PLC and food standards. In particularly, I am interested to learn how the PLC can be used to analyze food stand... 4   3 reacties How to Avoid the Decline Stage of the PLC? Understanding the phases of the product life cycle, are there ways of preventing these products from reaching the decline phase?... 4   5 reacties

Best Practices De best beoordeelde onderwerpen over de Productlevenscyclus. Hier vindt u de meest waardevolle ideeën en praktische suggesties. When is a product successful? When can a product be considered to be successful in the light of the Product Life Cycle Theory?... 32   3 reacties The Product Life Cycle is not always Shaped like a Wave Form! The wave form is not carved in stone. Sometimes a product (or service) that is already in its Maturity or even Decline phase can suddenly re-emerge in a growth phase. Often this is the result of a tec... 12   11 reacties

Expert Tips Geavanceerde inzichten over de Product Life Cycle (Engels). Hier vindt u professionele adviezen van deskundigen. Why PLC is not Done at the Company Level Innovation Management, Product Management In MIT Sloan Management Review of Fall 2006, Donald Sull and Dominic Houlder of LBS stress that NOT companies, but chanc... Market Leader Strategies in the GROWTH Stage of the Product Life Cycle Growth Stage Strategy, Market Leader Strategy, PLC The appropriate marketing strategies for products or services that are in the growing stage of the PLC depend on the pos... Don't Make this Frequently Made Mistake in Product Life Cycle Management! Innovation Management, Product Marketing, Product Lifecycle Management Watch out for a frequently made mistake that is based on a wrong interpretation of this model: Do not assume aut... Unconventional Product Life Cycle: High Tech Managing the PLC of High-tech Products In his 1991 book 'Crossing the Chasm' Geoffrey A. Moore presented the unconventional PLC of high-tech products. In Moore... Typical Product Characteristics and Changes during PLC Product Management Products may change dramatically during their PLC in terms of quality, design, differentiation degree, destination of us... Marketing Strategies in INTRODUCTION Stage of PLC Introduction of a New Product, Introduction of a New Service, Introduction Stage, Introduction Strategies When a business is launching a totally new product or service it could select the following marketing strategies during ... Framework for Decline Phase of the Product Life Cycle Managing the Decline Phase The decline phase of a product PLC is as important as its introduction in the market stage. When products enter this sta... Challenges of the Product Life Cycle for Marketing and R&D PLC at Functional Level, Marketing and R&D Here following there are some elements which can be useful as a description of the most common challenges faced by both ... Critics of the Product Life Cycle Concept During the Years Product Life Cycle History In the current fast changing environment the efficacy of the PLC model as a marketing tool has been widely questioned b... Organizational Life Cycle Organizational Development Also organizations evolve through a kind of life cycle, a series of developmental stages similar to those described in L... Challenges of the Product Life Cycle for Manufacturing & Distribution PLC at Functional Level, Manufacturing & Distribution Here are some typical challenges faced by Manufacturing and Distribution functions, on each development stage of a produ... How Can Incumbents Respond to Disruptors? 5 Strategic Options in Reaction to Disruptors In recent years, the challenges to incumbent majors across industries have come mainly from low-cost competitors and fr... Innovation Pitfalls Avoiding Innovation Traps Harvard Professor R. Moss Kanter describes 4 common innovation mistakes and corresponding remedies (HBR Nov 2006): 1. S... How to Find Good Product Ideas? List of 10 Approaches Discovering New-Product Ideas, Creative Approaches In his book “Product Leadership: Creating and Launching Superior New Products”, Robert Cooper suggests following ten way... Marketing Strategies in the DECLINE Stage of the Product Life Cycle Decline Stage Strategy, Market Decline Strategy, PLC When a business has its product or service in the decline stage, the following strategies can be used: 1. Profitable su... Follower Marketing Strategies in the GROWTH Stage of the PLC Growth Stage Strategy, Follower Growth Strategy, PLC A company that is characterized as a FOLLOWER in the market should aim at building a market share by winning over some o... Buyer Types and their Behaviours Depending on PLC Stage Understanding what Buyers Want in a Particular Stage It is important to understand that different kinds of people will buy a product in different development stages. And eve... Designing Complex Products or Systems Through User Involvement Early in the Life Cycle Design Thinking, Disruptive Innovation, Blue Ocean Strategy, Introducing Complex Systems, Co-Creation Today, organizations are increasingly developing and designing new and complex products or systems. In other words, the ... The Time Scale of a PLC Must Match the Product Time Scale of PLC, Product Management Too many times the plot is shown in a general mode - but for real products the plot MUST place numbers on the time axis.... Limitations of Product Life Cycle in FMCG PLC Boundaries In his 1993 article 'A Two-Decade Test of Product Life Cycle Theory', D. Mercer from The Open University, School of Man... Three Critical Capabilities in Developing a Strategic Corporate Disruptive Innovation Competence (Disruptive) Innovation Competence, Strategic Innovation Capability, Corporate Strategy, Innovation Leadership Skarzynski and Rufat-Latre (2011) discovered that the successes of disruptive innovators are driven by 3 critical capabi... Marketing Strategies for Market Leaders in the MATURITY Stage Maturity Stage Strategy, Market Leader Strategy, PLC A company that operates its products in the maturity stage can make use of several strategies. The main objective of the... Product Life Cycles do Not Exist in Reality Decision-making Always remember, in reality, products do not have a predictable life and specific life cycle curves followed by differen... Why Some Technology Revolutions Take Off and Others Don't Adoption of New Technologies Back in 1962, Thomas Kuhn wrote “Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, in which he suggested that the entrenched interes...

Informatiebronnen Diverse informatiebronnen betreffende de Productlevenscyclus. Hier vindt u powerpoints, video's, nieuws etc. om te gebruiken in uw eigen lezingen en workshops. Dominant Designs Product Life Cycle Paper by Johann Peter Murmann and Koen Frenken. The concept of a dominant design has taken on a quasi-paradigmatic statu... The Importance of the Product Life Cycle PLC Trainings, Workshops Adam Kaufman explains the critical importance of understanding the Product Life Cycle PLC of your products in your indus... Product Life Cycle (PLC) versus Bass Diffusion Product Management, Decision Making Presentation about the Product Life Cycle model thereby making a comparison with the Bass Diffusion Model. It includes t... Product Life Cycle Diagram Product Management Download and edit the 12manage PowerPoint model for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in int...

Researchlinks Springen naar verdere onderzoeksbronnen met betrekking tot de Productlevenscyclus. Nieuws Video's Presentaties   Boeken Academisch Meer

Vergelijk met de Product Life Cycle (Productlevenscyclus): Bass Diffusiemodel  |  Stage-Gate  |  ADL Matrix  |  BCG Matrix  |  Relatieve Waarde van Groei  |  Positioneren  |  GE Matrix  |  Innovatie Adoptiekromme  |  STRATPORT  |  Winstpoelen (Profit Pools)  |  Marketingmix  |  Vier Industrie Veranderingstrajecten  |  Co-Creatie  |  Disruptive Innovatie (Ontwrichtende Innovatie)

Keer terug naar Management Discipline: Verandering & Organisatie  |  Besluitvorming & Waardering  |  Financiën & Investeren  |  Marketing & Verkoop  | Strategie & Innovatie  |  Supply Chain & Kwaliteit

Meer Managementmethoden, managementmodellen en managementtheorie