Value Chain Framework
(Porter)

知识中心

Michael Porter的Value Chain Framework[价值链架构]是一项用来分析与价值创造和竞争优势培育相关联的各项企业活动的管理模型。

价值链上的各项活动

• 主要活动（一线运营功能）
  • 进货物流（Inbound Logistics）。 包括接收、入库、库存控制、运输规划等。
  • 制造运营（Operation）。 包括加工、包装、组装、设备维护、测试以及其他所有将资源输入转变为产品输出的价值创造活动。
  • 出货物流（Outbound Logistics）。 此项活动目的是使终端产品送抵消费者，包括 入库、订单实现、运输、分销管理，等等。
  • 市场营销（Marketing and Sales）。 包括一系列促使消费者购买产品的活动： 渠道选择、广告、市场促进、销售、定价、零售管理，等等。
  • 售后服务（Service）。 包括维持和提高产品价值的一系列活动： 用户支持、维修服务、安装、培训、备用件管理、升级，等等。
• 支持活动（行政功能及其他企业运营环节）
  • 采购（Procurement）。 采购物项包括原材料、服务、零备件、建筑及机器，等等。
  • 技术发展（Technology Development）。 支持价值链上各项活动的技术发展， 例如： 研发、流程自动化、设计及再设计。
  • 人力资源管理（Human Resource Management）。 包括招募、发展培训（教育）、人力资源保持、员工及管理人员薪酬回报，等等。
  • 企业基础建设（Firm Infrastructure）。 包括企业一般管理、规划管理、质量管理、以及法律、财务、会计、公共事务等各项管理活动。

基于价值链的成本优势

企业能够通过以下两个手段产生创造成本优势：

• 减少单项价值创造活动的成本；
• 对价值链进行重新配置。

值得注意的是，成本优势不仅可以通过减少主要活动的成本获得，同样也可以通过减少支持活动的成本获得。 今天，已经有越来越多的公司通过使用信息技术获得成本优势。

对价值链进行定义之后，就可以通过对价值创造各项活动成本的分摊来进行成本分析。 Porter列出了10个与价值链活动紧密相关的成本动因（Cost Drivers）：

1. 经济规模（Economies of Scale）。
2. 企业学习（Learning）。
3. 能力运用（Capacity Utilization）。
4. 各活动之间的联结（Linkages among Activities）。
5. 战略事业单元之间的相互关系（Interrelationships among Business Units）。
6. 垂直一体化的程度（Degree of Vertical Integration）。
7. 市场进入的时间（Timing of Market Entry）。
8. 企业的成本领先或差异化政策（Firms of Policy of Cost or Differentiation）。
9. 地理位置（Geographic Location）。
10. 制度化因素（政策规定、工会势力、税收，等等）。

企业如果较之竞争对手更好地控制以上成本动因，就能够获得成本优势。 如前所说，企业还可以通过重组价值链来获得成本优势， 重组意味着价值链结构的变化，如： 新的生产流程、新的分销渠道、或者不同的销售方法。

通常，公司的价值链往往与其他价值链相联系，并成为一个更大的价值链的一部分。 创造企业的竞争优势，还取决于企业对这个更大的价值链的分析和管理能力。 这就是运筹学上的 供应链管理（Supply Chian Management）。 有些人更认为，或许用另外一个词来描述价值链更为准确，即 价值网络（Value Networks）。

参考书： Michael E. Porter - Competitive Advantage [中译本《竞争优势》，华夏出版社，2005]

论坛 关于以下内容的论坛讨论：价值链架构。您可以在下方提出有关此主题的问题、分享您的经验、报告新的发展或解释一些事情。 开始一个新的论坛主题关于价值链架构 在这里分享您的知识（或提出问题）   Value Chain Management versus Supply Chain Management? What is the relationship between Supply Chain Management and Value Chain Management? How are they interdependent?... 55   6条评论 Value Chains ⇨ Value Networks In an article 'Value Creation, Coordination and Positioning in Supply Relationships' in Long Range Planning (Volume 39, Issue 2, April 2006, Pages 133-153), Lars Huemer has reservations as to the usef... 39   1条评论 Value Chain for Services Industry I have read somewhere, that this model is not applicable for services industry, is it true? And does anybody know, if possible, a good model for strategic management for services industry? Thank you!... 27   4条评论 Value Chain versus Diamond Model Hi, can anyone explain in a few words what is the main difference between Porter's Diamond and Value Chain models?... 20   3条评论 How to Deal with Conflicts Between Marketing and Operations Shapiro recognized several reasons for the conflicts between marketing and operations teams: CAPACITY MANAGEMENT AND LONG-TERM SALES PROJECTIONS: Operations teams are constrained in their ability ... 19   14条评论 Value Chains and Industries Interestingly, different industries often emphasize different activities in the value chain. For example, retailers traditionally focus on inbound and outbound logistics and procurement, while manufac... 16   6条评论 Value Chain in Legal Services How can a value chain be incorporated in law firms? What are the primary and support activities in such legal services?... 10   1条评论 Procurement in the Value Chain Approach For long the value chain approach by Michael Porter and as advanced by Peter Hines has placed procurement on the periphery, bundling it with general administration among other things. Today, with th... 9   3条评论 Customer Value Chain (CVC) The Customer Value Chain (CVC) is a bit similar or analogous to Michael Porter's Value Chain (the series of activities such as operations, logistics, and marketing that companies execute in order to c... 5   Order Management in Porters Value Chain? How do I segregate and fit in order management (not order fulfillment ) in Porters list of primary processes? Does it belong in marketing and sales?... 2   1条评论

最佳实践 关于价值链架构的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。 How to apply the value chain? Activities and Linkages The value chain has two types of activities which are the primary activities and the support activities. I can remember all the elements in these two activities. However I have difficulty in applying ... 119   7条评论 Inventory Replenishement in Value Chain In the context of the value chain, would inventory replenishement be a support value process or a primary value process?... 20   2条评论

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信息来源 有关价值链架构的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。 Electronic Markets Search Costs and Boundaries Ramesh Sankaranarayan study how electronic markets that facilitate broader inter-firm transactions affect the vertical s... Connections and Competences in the Governance of the Value Chain Value Chain Delocalisation The aim of this paper by Giuseppe Tattara and Paolo Crestanello is to analyse the governance of value chains operating i... The Role of Value Chain Functions, Quality Management and Innovation in Competitive Advantage Value Chain Management, Quality Management, Innovation, Operational Excellence This presentation firstly presents the role of functional strategies and the value chain in the achievement of competiti... How Businesses can Use Information Technology (IT) in Strategic Ways Strategic Management, Information Technology This presentation looks at Information Technology from a strategic point of view. In other words, it discusses in what w... Introduction to (Sustainable) Value Chain Analysis Initial Understanding Value Chain Analysis Value Chain Analysis involves analyzing three things to identify improvement areas / projects: 1. Material Flow - The f... Location choices across the value chain How activity and capability influence agglomeration and competition effects There has been a recent revival of interest in the geographic component of firm strategy. Recent research suggests that ... Introduction Into Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning, Supply Chain Management This presentation provides an introduction into Enterprise Resource Planning and includes the following sections: 1. Wh... Introduction to Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain Design While Porter�s value chain is a firm-level supply chain, this presentation describes supply chain management in a global... Value Chain Model Diagram Value Chain Analysis Download and edit the 12manage PowerPoint model for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in int... Internet-based Distribution of Digital Videos Economic Impacts of Digitizatization Digital technologies and, especially, the Internet are profoundly reshaping the motion picture industry. Video-on-demand...

研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源价值链架构。 新闻 视频 简报   书比人好 学术的 更多

比较： Porter Five Forces[五力模式]  |  Competitive Advantage[竞争优势]  |  Diamond Model[钻石模型]  |  Parenting Advantage[母合优势]  |  Core Competence[核心竞争力]  |  BCG Matrix[BCG矩阵]  |  Growth Phases[成长阶段]  |  Distinctive Capabilities[特殊能力]  |  Organizational Configurations[组织构型]  |  3rd Party Logistics[3PL，第三方物流]  |  Outsourcing[外包]  |  Just-in-time[即时生产]  |  Bricks and Clicks[砖块加鼠标]  |  Value Stream Mapping[价值流程图]  |  Delta Model[金三角模型]  |  Vertical Integration[垂直整合]  |  Horizontal Integration[横向整合]  |  Vendor Managed Inventory[供应商管理库存]  |  Kraljic Model[卡拉杰克模型]

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