Diamond Model and Clusters
(Michael Porter)

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Understand the competitive position of a nation in global competition. Explanation of Diamond Model of Michael Porter. Clusters. ('98)

What is the Diamond Model? Description

The Diamond Model of Michael Porter for the competitive advantage of Nations offers a model that can help understand the comparative position of a nation in global competition. The model can also be used for major geographic regions.

Traditional country advantages

Traditionally, economic theory mentions the following factors for comparative advantage for regions or countries:

1. Land
2. Location
3. Natural resources (minerals, energy)
4. Labor, and
5. Local population size.

Because these 5 factors can hardly be influenced, this fits in a rather passive (inherited) view regarding national economic opportunity.

Clusters

Porter says that sustained industrial growth has hardly ever been built on above mentioned basic inherited factors. Abundance of such factors may actually undermine competitive advantage! He introduces a concept called "clusters" or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers, related industries, and institutions, that arise in certain locations.

These clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, and associated institutions in a particular field. They grow on locations where enough resources and competences amass and reach a critical threshold, giving it a key position in a given economic branch of activity, with a decisive sustainable competitive advantage over others places, or even a world supremacy in that field. Porter says clusters can influence competition in three ways:

• They can increase the productivity of the companies in the cluster.
• They can drive innovation in the field.
• They can stimulate new businesses in the field.

Some well-known examples of Clusters are USA/Silicon Valley (computers), Netherlands/Rotterdam (logistics), India/Bangalore (software outsourcing), USA/Hollywood (movies), France/Paris (fashion).

According to Porter, as a rule competitive advantage of nations is the outcome of 4 interlinked advanced factors and activities in and between companies in these clusters. These can be influenced in a pro-active way by government.

Interlinked advanced factors for Competitive Advantage

1. The Strategy, Structure and Rivalry of Firms. The world is dominated by dynamic conditions. Direct competition impels firms to work for increases in productivity and innovation.
2. Demand Conditions. If the customers in an economy are very demanding, the pressure facing firms to constantly improve their competitiveness via innovative products, through high quality, etc, will be greater.
3. Related Supporting Industries. Spatial proximity of upstream or downstream industries facilitates the exchange of information and promotes a continuous exchange of ideas and innovations.
4. Factor Conditions. Contrary to conventional wisdom, Porter argues that the "key" factors of production (or specialized factors) are created, not inherited. Specialized factors of production are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. "Non-key" factors or general use factors, such as unskilled labor and raw materials, can be obtained by any company and, hence, do not generate sustained competitive advantage. However, specialized factors involve heavy, sustained investment. They are more difficult to duplicate. This creates a competitive advantage, because if other firms cannot easily duplicate these factors, they are valuable.

The role of government in the Diamond Model of Porter

The role of government in the Diamond Model of Porter is to act as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourage - or even push - companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance. They must encourage companies to raise their performance, to stimulate early demand for advanced products, to focus on specialized factor creation and to stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforcing anti-trust regulations.

The competitive advantage of nations

Porter introduced this model in his book: "The Competitive Advantage of Nations", after having done research in ten leading trading nations. The book was the first theory of competitiveness based on the causes of the productivity with which companies compete. Instead of traditional comparative advantages such as natural resources and pools of labor. This book should be considered obligatory reading for government economic strategists. It is also highly recommended for corporate strategists that are interested in the macro-economic environment of corporations.

Book: Michael Porter - The Competitive Advantage of Nations -

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Best Practices - Diamond Model and Clusters Premium   Success Factors of Economic Clusters Economic clusters are geographic concentrations of...

Expert Tips - Diamond Model and Clusters Premium   Clusters in Europe and the USA You can find more info on Clusters and Policies in... Usage (application): National data, policies       How can Companies Reinforce and Benefit from Clustering? 1. Create pressures for innovation (if possible le... Usage (application): Company Agenda in Clustering       Clusters in Economically Less Developed Countries (ELDCs) Studies conducted by UNCTAD (United Nations Confer... Usage (application): Cluster Research, Best Practices of Clustering       Corporate Social Responsibility and the Diamond Model Recently, Porter (with Kramer) wrote an article ca... Usage (application): CSR Strategy

Resources - Diamond Model and Clusters Premium Clusters Scoreboard Paper by Andrea Ganzaroli, Gianluca Fiscato and Lu... Usage (application): Clusters competitiveness   Typologies and Strategies of Co-opetition Presentation about Co-opetition thereby especially... Usage (application): Co-opetition, Strategic Partnerships, Strategic Collaboration, Strategic Clusters   Michael Porter on Competiveness of a Nation Harvard Professor and Co-leader of the US Competit... Usage (application): Global Competition, Comparative Advantage, Competition Between Nations and Regions   Introduction to Collective Impact Collective Impact is about diverse companies and a... Usage (application): Initial Understanding of Collective Impact   Diamond Model Diagram Download and edit the 12manage PowerPoint model fo... Usage (application): Industry Management     News about Diamond Porter         News about Clusters Porter         Videos about Diamond Porter         Videos about Clusters Porter         Presentations about Diamond Porter         Presentations about Clusters Porter         Books about Diamond Porter         Books about Clusters Porter         More about Diamond Porter         More about Clusters Porter

Compare with: Porter Value Chain  |  Porter Competitive Advantage  |  Porter Five Forces  |  The Value Net, Co-opetition  |  Bottom of the Pyramid  |  PEST Analysis  |  SWOT Analysis  |  Simulation  |  Benchmarking  |  Scenario Planning  |  Bricks and Clicks  |  Four Trajectories of Industry Change

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