Four Strategic Types
(Raymond Miles and Charles Snow)

Knowledge Center

What are the Four Strategic Types? Description

In their 1978 book: "Organization Strategy, Structure, and Process" Raymond Miles and Charles Snow argue that different company strategies arise from the way companies decide to address three fundamental problems:

• Entrepreneurial problem. How a company should manage its market share.
• Engineering problem. How a company should implement its solution to the entrepreneurial problem.
• Administrative problem. How a company should structure itself to manage the implementation of the solutions to the first two problems.

Based on that, they classify companies into Four Strategic Types:

1. Defender. A mature type of company in a mature industry that seeks to protect its market position through efficient production, strong control mechanisms, continuity, and reliability.
   • Entrepreneurial problem: how to maintain a stable share of the market? Hence they function best in stable environments, they strive for cost leadership, they specialize in particular areas and they use established and standardized technical processes to maintain low costs.
   • Administrative problem: how to ensure efficiency? Centralization, Vertical Integration, formal procedures, and discrete functions.
   • Environment: because their environments change slowly, Defenders can rely on long-term planning.
2. Prospector. A type of company that seeks to exploit new opportunities, to develop new products and/or services, and to create new markets. Typically its core skills lie in marketing and R&D and it will tend to have a broad range of technologies and product types.
   • Entrepreneurial problem: how to locate and exploit new product and market opportunities? Prospectors have broad product or service lines and often promote creativity over efficiency. They prioritize new product and service development and innovation to meet new and changing customer needs and demands and to create new demands.
   • Administrative problem: how to coordinate diverse business activities and promote innovation? Decentralization, employing generalists (not specialists), have few levels of management, encourage collaboration among different departments and units.
   • Environment: Prospectors thrive in changing business environments that have an element of unpredictability, and succeed by constantly examining the market in a search for new opportunities.
3. Analyser. A type of company that avoids excessive risks but excels in the delivery of new products and/or services. Typically it concentrates on a limited range of products and technologies and seeks to outperform other companies on the basis of quality enhancement.
   • Entrepreneurial problem: how to maintain their shares in existing markets and how to find and exploit new markets and product opportunities? Must maintain the efficiency of established products or services, while remaining flexible enough to pursue new business activities. Seek technical efficiency to maintain low costs, but also emphasize new product and service development to remain competitive when the market changes.
   • Administrative problem: how to manage both of these aspects? Cultivate collaboration among different departments and units. Analyzer organizations are characterized by balance—a balance between defender and prospector organizations.
4. Reactor. A type of company which have little control over their external environment, lacking the ability to adapt to external competition and lacking in effective internal control mechanisms. They do not have a systematic strategy, design, or structure.

No single strategic orientation is the best. Miles and Snow argue that what determines the success of a company ultimately is not a particular strategic orientation, but simply establishing and maintaining a systematic strategy that takes into account a company's environment, technology, and structure.
 

Book: Raymond Miles and Charles Snow - Organization Strategy, Structure, and Process

Forum Forum discussions about the 4 Strategic Types. Below you can ask a question about this topic, share your experiences, report a new development, or explain something. 🔥 Current Relevance of Defender Strategic Type How relevant is the defender styrategic type in today’s dynamic environment where the markets are changing so fast?... 8   1 comments Four Strategic Types: Recent Developments? This concept is clear. However, the book refered to was published in 1978, by Miles & Snow. Has there been any recent publications on the same concept?... 7   1 comments Benefits of Being a Defender What are the advantages of the strategies of a defender versus those of a prospector?... 6   3 comments Organizational Adaption Are managers really steering their organizations by making strategic choices, or are the environmental influences so strong that organizations basically have to change as indicated by the environmenta... 5   2 comments Start a new topic about the 4 Strategic Types Share your knowledge here (or ask a question)

Expert Tips Advanced insights about the 4 Strategic Types. Here you will find professional advices by experts. The Next Step After choosing your Strategic Type Once you decided what is your strategic type, the most effective strategic plans are those that are simple, completed wi...

Information Sources Various sources of information regarding the 4 Strategic Types. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops. Revisiting the Miles and Snow Strategic Framework Strategic types; constrained classification; SBU strategic capabilities; environmental uncertainty; SBU performance The Miles and Snow strategic type framework is re-examined with respect to interrelationships with several theoretically...

Research Links Jump to further research sources regarding the 4 Strategic Types. News Videos Presentations   Books Academic More

Compare with the Four Strategic Types: Competitive Advantage  |  Value Disciplines  |  Core Competence  |  Rule of Three  |  Delta Model  |  BCG Matrix  |  Distinctive Capabilities  |  Experience Curve  |  Twelve Principles of the Network Economy  |  Blue Ocean Strategy

Return to Management Hub: Change & Organization  |  Strategy & Innovation

More Management Methods, Models and Theory