什么是X理论和Y理论? 释义
美国社会心理学家、麻省理工学院的Douglas McGregor教授在他的《企业的人性层面》(The Human Side of Enterprise,1960)一书中,提出了脍炙人口的X理论和Y理论模型。通过观察管理者处理员工关系的方式,McGregor发现,管理者关于人性的观点是建立在一些假设基础之上的,而管理者又根据这些假设来塑造他们自己对下属的行为方式,于是就提出了两种关于人性的基本假设。
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X理论
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Y理论
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假设
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员工天生不喜欢工作,只要可能,他们就会逃避工作。 |
员工视工作如休息、娱乐一般自然。 员工投入在工作中的体力和精力与他们花在私人生活中的一样多。 |
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由于员工不喜欢工作,因此必须采取强制措施或惩罚办法,迫使他们努力工作,完成任务目标。 |
如果员工对某些工作作出承诺,他们会进行自我指导和自我控制,以完成组织任务。 控制和惩罚并非让员工工作的唯一手段。 |
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一般员工希望被指挥。 |
工作满意度是激励员工与确保员工忠诚的关键。 |
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员工只要有可能就会逃避责任。 |
员工愿意乐于承担责任。 在适当条件下,大多数员工不仅能够承担责任,而且会主动寻求承担责任。 |
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一般员工简简单单,安于现状。 |
员工富有想象力和创造力,不断寻求改变。 他们的灵活性有助于解决工作中出现的问题。 |
应用
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车间工厂、大量生产; 生产工人。 |
专业服务、知识劳动者; 管理人员、专业人员。 |
有助于
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大规模高效运营。 |
专业化管理、复杂性问题的参与和解决。 |
管理方式
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独裁式、强硬管理。 |
参与式、柔性管理。 |
McGregor教授个人倾向于Y理论,并认为Y理论是一种较好的管理模式,但是,他同时指出,Y理论很难用于大规模生产经营活动。
Z理论 - Ouchi
1980年, 美国加州大学洛杉矶分校的William Ouchi教授结合美国和日本的管理实践,在McGregorX理论-Y理论的基础上,提出了Z理论,它具有以下一些特征: 终身雇佣 - 集体决策 - 个人责任 - 较少的评估和提升 - 明确的、规范化的考察与暗示的、非正式控制相结合 - 适度的专业化职业发展轨迹 - 对员工包括其家庭在内的全面关怀。Ouchi认为,生产力建立于组织成员互信的基础上,而非资金或技术,这种互信代表着一种组织文化。这种互信的组织文化将渗透组织的每一个层级,它不仅可以调高组织的生产力,更能够满足员工的自尊。
X理论-Y理论-Z理论 小组。

小组 (42名成员)
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关于X理论-Y理论-Z理论的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。
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Theory X and Theory Y
In 9 out of 10 cases, the employer or leader determines the way workers behave. Workers who are treated as though they (...)
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The Role of Empowerment
We will always have X & Y type of people. What can make an X turn into an Y and vice a versa is EMPOWERMENT. If I can em (...)
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关于Theory X Theory Y Theory Z(英语)的高级见解。在这里,您将找到专家的专业建议。
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Self-fulfilling Prophesies Further information An important aspect of McGregor's ideas is his belief that managers who hold either set of assumptions can create self-f (...)
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LEADER: Best Practices for Effective Leadership Behavior Leadership Behavior, Leadership Effectiveness, Leadership Style Following six short behavioral tips can help you to enhance your leadership efficiency:
1. L - LISTENING: Actively list (...)
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Differences in Organizational Commitment Between Paid Workers and Volunteers Organizational Commitment, Employee Motivation, Non-profit Organizations Paid and unpaid workers in hybrid organizations
Although financial considerations are an important reason to work for a (...)
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Theory X problem Leadership McGregor pointed out that a command and control environment is not effective, because it includes lower desires as lever (...)
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有关X理论-Y理论-Z理论的各种信息来源。在这里,您将找到Powerpoint,视频,新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。
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How to Become a Master Manager? Introduction to Managing People. Know Thyself This good introduction presentation is about how to be a Master Manager. By J. S. Osland, D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and M. (...)
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Human Motivation Motivating Employees Comprehesive presentation on Human / Employee Motivation. Topics:
1. What is motivation?
2. How do needs motivate peo (...)
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Theory X Management Style Introduction to Motivation, Workshops, Trainings Hilarious video showcases Theory X methods of motivation to increase productivity. (...)
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Young Steve Jobs on the Role of Managers Management, Leadership, Talent Management, Talent Acquisition, Talent Development This video is a nice start for any management course. Jobs shares some ideas on managers (in a high-tech environment) an (...)
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The X Model of Employee Engagement Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Amployee Attitude Organizations aim for success. And so do employees. But individuals (employees, executives, managers) have their own def (...)
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How to Achieve Employee Engagement Employee Empowerment, Employee Participation, Participative Management, Participative Leadership Tom Peters gives a short, but fundamental advice on how you can accomplish his 3rd and 4th principle (3. Autonomy and En (...)
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自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源X理论-Y理论-Z理论。
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比较: Leadership Styles[领导风格] | Managerial Grid[管理方格理论] | Leadership Continuum[领导连续体] | Situational Leadership[情境领导] | Bases of Social Power[社会权力基础] | EPIC ADVISERS[史诗顾问] | Hierarchy of Needs[需求层次理论] | Expectancy Theory[期望理论] | Path-Goal Theory[路径-目标理论] | Hawthorne Effect[霍索恩效应] | ERG Theory[ERG理论] | Hertzberg Two Factor Theory[二因素理论] | Change Management[变革管理] | Seven Surprises[七大惊奇] | Seven Habits[七个习惯] | Eight Attributes of Management Excellence[卓越管理的八个属性] | Five Disciplines[五项修炼] | Ten Principles of Reinvention[企业型政府重塑10原则] | Fourteen Points of Management[质量管理14要点] | Charismatic Leadership[魅力型领导] | Theory of Needs[需求理论]
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