What is Theory X and Y? Description
Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous
Theory X and Theory Y models in his book 'The Human Side Of Enterprise' (1960).
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Theory X
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Theory Y
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Assumptions
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Humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they
can. |
People view work as being as natural as play and rest. Humans expend
the same amount of physical and mental effort in their work as in their
private lives. |
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Because people dislike work they have to be coerced or controlled
by management and threatened so they work hard enough. |
Provided people are motivated, they will be self-directing to the
aims of the organization. Control and punishment are not the only mechanisms
to let people perform. |
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Average employees want to be directed. |
Job satisfaction is key to engaging employees and ensuring their commitment. |
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People don't like responsibility. |
People learn to accept responsibility and seek responsibility. Average
humans, under the proper conditions, will not only accept, but even
naturally seek responsibility. |
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Average humans are clear and unambiguous and want to feel secure at
work. |
People are imaginative and creative. Their ingenuity should be used
to solve problems at work. |
Application
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Shop Floor, Mass Manufacturing. Production workers. |
Professional Services, Knowledge Workers. Managers and Professionals. |
Conducive to
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Large scale efficient operations. |
Management of Professionals, Participative Complex Problem Solving. |
Management Style
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Authoritarian, Hard Management. |
Participative, Soft Management. |
McGregor sees Theory Y as the preferable model and management method, however
he thought Theory Y was difficult to use in large-scale operations.
Theory Z - Ouchi
In 1981, William Ouchi came up with a variant that combined American and
Japanese management practices together to form Theory Z, having the
following characteristics: long-term employment - collective decision-making
- individual responsibility - slow evaluation & promotion - implicit, informal
control with explicit, formalized measures - moderately specialized career
paths - and a holistic concern for the employee, including family.
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Theory X Theory Y Theory Z Special Interest Group.
Special Interest Group (564 members)
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Forum about Theory X Theory Y Theory Z.
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Theory Z
As the summary of Theory X and Y says, William Ouchi came up in 1981 with a variant that combined American and Japanese ...
 30  9 comments |
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Best Practices
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The top-rated topics about Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions.
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Expert Tips
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Advanced insights about Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Here you will find professional advices by experts.
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Self-fulfilling Prophesies Further information
An important aspect of McGregor's ideas is his belief that managers who hold either set of assumptions can create self-f...
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LEADER: Best Practices for Effective Leadership Behavior Leadership Behavior, Leadership Effectiveness, Leadership Style
Following six short behavioral tips can help you to enhance your leadership efficiency:
1. L - LISTENING: Actively list...
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Differences in Organizational Commitment Between Paid Workers and Volunteers Organizational Commitment, Employee Motivation, Non-profit Organizations
Paid and unpaid workers in hybrid organizations
Although financial considerations are an important reason to work for a...
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Theory X problem Leadership
McGregor pointed out that a command and control environment is not effective, because it includes lower desires as lever...
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Information Sources
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Various sources of information regarding Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops.
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How to Become a Master Manager? Introduction to Managing People. Know Thyself
This good introduction presentation is about how to be a Master Manager. By J. S. Osland, D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and M....
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Human Motivation Motivating Employees
Comprehesive presentation on Human / Employee Motivation. Topics:
1. What is motivation?
2. How do needs motivate peo...
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Theory X Management Style Introduction to Motivation, Workshops, Trainings
Hilarious video showcases Theory X methods of motivation to increase productivity....
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Young Steve Jobs on the Role of Managers Management, Leadership, Talent Management, Talent Acquisition, Talent Development
This video is a nice start for any management course. Jobs shares some ideas on managers (in a high-tech environment) an...
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The X Model of Employee Engagement Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Amployee Attitude
Organizations aim for success. And so do employees. But individuals (employees, executives, managers) have their own def...
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How to Achieve Employee Engagement Employee Empowerment, Employee Participation, Participative Management, Participative Leadership
Tom Peters gives a short, but fundamental advice on how you can accomplish his 3rd and 4th principle (3. Autonomy and En...
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Research Links
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Automatically jump to further useful sources regarding Theory X Theory Y Theory Z.
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Books
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Compare with Theory X Theory Y:
Leadership Styles
| Managerial Grid
| Leadership Continuum
| Situational
Leadership |
Bases of Social Power
| EPIC ADVISERS
| Hierarchy of Needs
| Expectancy Theory
| Path-Goal Theory
| Hawthorne Effect
| ERG Theory |
Herzberg Two Factor Theory
| Change Management |
Seven Surprises
| Seven Habits |
Eight
Attributes of Management Excellence |
Five Disciplines |
Ten Principles of
Reinvention |
Fourteen Points of Management
| Charismatic Leadership
| Theory of Needs
Return to Management Hub: Change & Organization | Communication & Skills | Human Resources
| Leadership |
Supply Chain & Quality
More Management Methods, Models and Theory
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