What is Theory X and Y? Description
Douglas McGregor, an American social psychologist, proposed his famous
Theory X and Theory Y models in his book 'The Human Side Of Enterprise' (1960).
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Theory X
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Theory Y
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Assumptions
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Humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they
can. |
People view work as being as natural as play and rest. Humans expend
the same amount of physical and mental effort in their work as in their
private lives. |
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Because people dislike work they have to be coerced or controlled
by management and threatened so they work hard enough. |
Provided people are motivated, they will be self-directing to the
aims of the organization. Control and punishment are not the only mechanisms
to let people perform. |
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Average employees want to be directed. |
Job satisfaction is key to engaging employees and ensuring their commitment. |
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People don't like responsibility. |
People learn to accept responsibility and seek responsibility. Average
humans, under the proper conditions, will not only accept, but even
naturally seek responsibility. |
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Average humans are clear and unambiguous and want to feel secure at
work. |
People are imaginative and creative. Their ingenuity should be used
to solve problems at work. |
Application
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Shop Floor, Mass Manufacturing. Production workers. |
Professional Services, Knowledge Workers. Managers and Professionals. |
Conducive to
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Large scale efficient operations. |
Management of Professionals, Participative Complex Problem Solving. |
Management Style
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Authoritarian, Hard Management. |
Participative, Soft Management. |
McGregor sees Theory Y as the preferable model and management method, however
he thought Theory Y was difficult to use in large-scale operations.
Theory Z - Ouchi
In 1981, William Ouchi came up with a variant that combined American and
Japanese management practices together to form Theory Z, having the
following characteristics: long-term employment - collective decision-making
- individual responsibility - slow evaluation & promotion - implicit, informal
control with explicit, formalized measures - moderately specialized career
paths - and a holistic concern for the employee, including family.
Forum discussions about Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Below you can ask a question about this topic, share your experiences, report a new development, or explain something.
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Theory Z of Ouchi
As the summary of Theory X and Y says, William Ouchi came up in 1981 with a variant that combined American and Japanese management practices together to form Theory Z, having the following characteris...
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 9 comments
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What Determines Theory X or Theory Y
In 9 out of 10 cases, the employer or leader determines the way workers behave. Workers who are treated as though they were incapable of responsibility are likely to become irresponsible even if they...
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 11 comments
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Work Ethic: Most Employees Want to Work
I believe that most employees want to work. There will always be a small percentage that will go against the grain. The problem is we fail each other. This happens by taking a motivated employee and...
 24
 1 comments
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Participative Management
Managing in today's organization is complex due to the rapid changes in technology, etcetera. In order to remain competitive, many organizations had (have) to change management styles so they can effe...
 7
 1 comments
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Applying Theory XY in Practice
These motivational theories are excellent. However, how can we motivate the practicing administrators / bureaucrats to apply the tenets of these theories in their work situations?...
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 16 comments
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The best, top-rated topics about Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions.
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Advanced insights about Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Here you will find professional advices by experts.
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Various sources of information regarding Theory X Theory Y Theory Z. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops.
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How to Become a Master Manager? Introduction to Managing People. Know Thyself This good introduction presentation is about how to be a Master Manager. By J. S. Osland, D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and M....
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Human Motivation Motivating Employees Comprehesive presentation on Human / Employee Motivation. Topics:
1. What is motivation?
2. How do needs motivate peo...
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Theory X Management Style Introduction to Motivation, Workshops, Trainings Hilarious video showcases Theory X methods of motivation to increase productivity....
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Young Steve Jobs on the Role of Managers Management, Leadership, Talent Management, Talent Acquisition, Talent Development This video is a nice start for any management course. Jobs shares some ideas on managers (in a high-tech environment) an...
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The X Model of Employee Engagement Employee Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Amployee Attitude Organizations aim for success. And so do employees. But individuals (employees, executives, managers) have their own def...
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How to Achieve Employee Engagement Employee Empowerment, Employee Participation, Participative Management, Participative Leadership Tom Peters gives a short, but fundamental advice on how you can accomplish his 3rd and 4th principle (3. Autonomy and En...
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Compare with Theory X Theory Y:
Leadership Styles
| Managerial Grid
| Leadership Continuum
| Situational
Leadership |
Bases of Social Power
| EPIC ADVISERS
| Hierarchy of Needs
| Expectancy Theory
| Path-Goal Theory
| Hawthorne Effect
| ERG Theory |
Herzberg Two Factor Theory
| Change Management |
Seven Surprises
| Seven Habits |
Eight
Attributes of Management Excellence |
Five Disciplines |
Ten Principles of
Reinvention |
Fourteen Points of Management
| Charismatic Leadership
| Theory of Needs
Return to Management Hub: Change & Organization | Communication & Skills | Human Resources
| Leadership |
Supply Chain & Quality
More Management Methods, Models and Theory
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