Hierarchy of Needs[需求层次理论]
(马斯洛（Maslow）)

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Abraham Maslow生平

Abraham马斯洛（Maslow） Hierarchy of Needs[需求层次理论] Abraham Maslow于1908年4月1日出生于纽约的布鲁克林，是俄国犹太移民的孩子，他是家庭里七个孩子中最大的一个。尽管他的父母从未受过教育，但坚持让他们的孩子追求学业上的成功。因此，毫不奇怪，童年时期的Maslow养成了孤僻的性格，终日把自己藏匿在书的世界里。

起初，为了满足父母亲的心愿，Maslow进入了纽约市立学院（CCNY），在那里学习法律。后来，他不顾父母亲反对，与他的表妹Bertha Goodman结婚，并育有两个女儿。

婚后，他们搬到了威斯康星州，以便Maslow能够在威斯康星大学继续深造。在那里，Maslow对心理学产生了浓厚的兴趣，并且在学业上取得了突飞猛进的提高。与此同时， Maslow还与以研究罗猴和依恋行为知名的Harry Harlow一起从事研究。

Maslow在威斯康星大学相继取得了文学学士（1930年）、文学硕士（1931年）和哲学博士（1934年）学位。毕业一年以后，Maslow重返纽约，供职于哥伦比亚大学，与E. L. Thorndike工作在一起。也正是从那时开始，他的兴趣开始移向人类性特征研究。

后来，Maslow开始在布鲁克林学院全职工作。这段时间，他结识了许多移居美国的顶尖欧洲心理学家，包括Alfred Adler、Erich Fromm，以及Gestalt[格式塔理论]和弗洛伊德学说的代表人物。

从1951年开始，Maslow受聘为Brandeis大学心理学系主任，长达10年之久。在那里，他遇到了著名的精神病学家、人本主义心理学的先驱Kurt Goldstein。跟从Goldstein，Maslow受到了自我实现理念的启发，并从此走上了独立理论研究的道路。与此同时，他开始了对人本主义心理学的研究，事实上，他在这一领域的研究成果，远比他试图建立的个人理论体系要重要得多。 Maslow后来又移居加利福尼亚州，在半退休的状态下，在那里度过了余生。 1970年6月8日，他因心脏病发作去世。

需求层次理论模型

需求层次 - 生理需求

对空气、水、食物以及睡眠等需求都是人的最基本的生理需求。当这些需求没有得到满足的时候，人就会感到不适、苦闷、愤怒，乃至病痛，等等。这些感觉刺激人们尽可能寻找满足需求之法，减轻痛苦，建立自我平衡。一旦生理需求得到满足，痛苦之感消除，人就会思考其他的需求。

需求层次 - 安全需求

这类需求反映的是当人处在动乱的世界中，对实现稳定、和谐的一种渴求，主要是一种心理上的需求。每个人都需要家的安全感，如果一个家庭被粗鲁暴戾的丈夫搞得鸡犬不宁，换句话说，妻子的安全感得不到满足，那么她就不可能去追求更高层次的需要。因为，这时她唯一关心的就是她的安全。对于担惊受怕的妻子来说，爱以及归属等更高层次需求，是不可想象的。在我们的社会当中，许多人呼吁法律和秩序，就是因为他们感受不到足够的安全，哪怕是在自己屋舍外面散散步。

需求层次 - 爱和归属需求

此类需求处于人类需求长梯上的更高层次。每个人都有归属于某一组织的渴望，俱乐部、工作团队、宗教组织、家庭、朋友圈子，等等。我们渴望他人的爱（非性爱），渴望被他人接受。就像表演艺术家感激观众们的热情掌声，我们需要自己对他人来说是有用的。比较： Hawthorne Effect[霍索恩效应]

需求层次 - 自尊需求

在人的身上存在两种尊重需求，一种是自尊，即通过掌握某项技能、完成某项工作任务来实现自我价值的一种个人感觉。另一种是他尊，即来自他人对自己的认可和尊重。这看似与归属需求类似，但是，渴望被赞美的需求还与对名声、权力、地位的渴望联系在一起。

需求层次 - 自我实现需求

这是一种极度地渴求“为所欲为，心想事成”。当人拥有一切可以得到或运用的资源的时候，他就能够最大化自己的潜能，就能够探索知识、追求和平、改造精神世界、实现自我，与神同在。

Maslow的需求层次理论完型于1943年至1945年间，最终随着他的书作《动机与人格》（Motivation and Personality）在1954年正式发表。此时，其需求层次模型还只有五个层次。到了1968年，他发表了他最为著名的一本著作《人格的潜力与成熟》（Toward a Psychology of Being）。在这本书中，更多的需求层次被添加进来。

需求层次模型的局限。缺点

应该注意不能刻板地遵循这个需求层次：

在现实中，有些人不会逐一穿越每一个层次。这些需求层次在结构化方面还显得有所欠缺。 (Graves)
不同文化背景的人，在不同的情形之下，会有不同的需求，需求层次也显然不同。 (Hofstede， Early)
其他学者认为，在Maslow的需求层次之外，还有其他一些需求也非常明显、非常重要。参见McClelland的需求理论，他将人的需求归结为成功、从属、权力。
1968年， Maslow本人亦在他的书作《人格的潜力与成熟》中为需求层次模型添加了新的需求层次。

尽管上面这些原因，最初的五层次需求理论已广为社会大众所接受。

参考书： Abraham Maslow - Toward a Psychology of Being [中译本《人格的潜力与成熟》，河北教育音像出版社，2004]

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