Kraljic Model[卡拉杰克模型]

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什么是卡拉杰克模型？ 释义

卡拉杰克矩阵（Kraljic Matrix）最早出现于彼得·卡拉杰克（Peter Kraljic）的《采购必须纳入供应管理》（Purchasing must become Supply Management）一文，这篇文章发表在1983年9-10月号的《哈佛商业评论》上。 该矩阵被用作为公司采购组合的分析工具。

卡拉杰克矩阵以采购所牵涉的两个重要方面作为其维度（参见附图）：

• 收益影响（Profit Impact）： 采购项目在产品增值、原材料总成本比及产品收益等方面的战略影响。
• 供应风险（Supply Risk）： 供应市场的复杂性、技术创新及原材料更替的步伐、市场进入的门槛、物流成本及复杂性、以及供给垄断或短缺等市场条件。

据此，卡拉杰克模型将采购项目分为四个类别：

1. 杠杆项目（Leverage Items）。
   • 释义： 所谓杠杆项目就是可选供应商较多、能够为买家带来较高利润的采购项目。 替换供应商较为容易。 具有标准化的产品质量标准。
   • 买卖双方地位： 买方主动，相互依赖性一般。
   • 采购战略推荐： 采购招标，供应商选择，目标订价，与首选供应商达成一揽子协议， 最后按正常供应程序执行、处理分订单（Call-Off Order）。
2. 战略项目（Strategic Items）。
   • 释义： 所谓战略项目就是对买方的产品或生产流程至关重要的采购项目。 这些项目往往由于供给稀缺或运输困难而具有较高的供应风险。
   • 买卖双方地位： 力量均衡，相互依赖性较高。
   • 采购战略推荐： 战略联盟，紧密联系，供应商尽早介入，共同创造，并充分考虑垂直整合，关注长期价值。
3. 非关键性项目（Non-Critical Items）。
   • 释义： 所谓非重要性项目就是指供给丰富、采购容易、财务影响较低的采购项目。 具有标准化的产品质量标准。
   • 买卖双方地位： 力量均衡，相互依赖性较低。
   • 采购战略推荐： 通过提高产品标准和改进生产流程，减少对此类项目的采购投入。
4. 瓶颈项目（Bottleneck Items）。
   • 释义： 所谓瓶颈项目就是指只能由某一特定供应商提供、运输不便、财务影响较低的采购项目。
   • 买卖双方地位： 卖方主动，相互依赖性一般。
   • 采购战略推荐： 数量保险合同，供应商管理库存，确保额外库存，寻找潜在供应商。

卡拉杰克模型的起源。 历史

作为资产投资管理工具，投资组合模型这一概念最初是由哈里·马科维茨（Harry M. Markowitz）于1950年代提出。 1983年，卡拉杰克率先将此组合概念引入采购领域。

卡拉杰克模型的运用。 应用

• 采购组合分析。
• 促使采购部门关注最为重要的采购项目。
• 外包非关键性项目及杠杆项目。

卡拉杰克模型的步骤。 流程

1. 采购组合分析准备。
2. 确定收益影响及供应风险的具体原则。
3. 决定采购组合分析的层次（分析深入至单体项目，还是以组为单位进行？ 分析是以部门、事业单元还是公司整体为单位进行？）
4. 将掌握的数据信息输入卡拉杰克矩阵。

5. 对结果进行分析讨论。

6. 为矩阵各象限制定采购战略和执行措施。

7. 战略执行和监督。

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比较： Co-Creation[共同创造]  |  Outsourcing[外包]  |  3rd Party Logistics[3PL，第三方物流]  |  Vendor Managed Inventory[供应商管理库存]  |  Value Chain[价值链]  |  Vertical Integration[垂直整合]  |   Value Stream Mapping[价值流程图]  |  Five Forces[五力模式]模型

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