Kraljic Modellen (Kraljic Matrisen)

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Vad är Kraljic modellen? Beskrivning

Kraljic matrisen från Peter Kraljic beskrevs första gången i en artikel ”Purchasing must become Supply Chain Management” i Harvard Business Review (Sep-Oct 1983). Kraljic modellen kan användas till att analysera den inköpsportföljen hos ett företag.

Kraljic ramverket baseras på två dimensioner för att klassificera företagets inköpta material eller komponenter (se bilden):

• Vinsteffekt: ”Den strategiska betydelsen av att köpa in utifrån det mervärde man kan åstadkomma per produktlinje, procentandel råmaterial i förhållande till totala kostnaden och deras effekt på lönsamheten”.
• Lagerrisk (Supply): ”Komplexiteten hos lagertillförselmarknaden mätt genom lagerbrist, teknologiförändringshastighet och/eller material ersättning, inträdesbarriärer, logistikkostnad eller komplexitet, och monopol eller oligopol förutsättningar”.

Modellen skiljer mellan följande fyra produktkategorier:

1. Hävstångsbringande varor.
   • Definition: Hävstångsvaror är produkter som representerar en hög procentsats av köparens vinst och där det finns många tillgängliga leverantörer. Det är lätt att byta leverantör. Kvaliteten är standardiserad.
   • Köpare-säljaremaktssituation: balanserad köpare, lagom nivå av beroende.
   • Rekommenderad inköpsstrategi: Upphandling/Anbud , Leverantörsval, riktad prissättning, paraplyöverenskommelse med önskvärda leverantörer. Avropningsorders läggs därefter som en administrativ formalitet.
2. Strategiska varor.
   • Definition: Strategiska varor är produkter som är avgörande för processen eller produkten för köparen. De karakteriseras av en hög tillförselrisk orsakad av ringa tillgång eller svår leverans.
   • Köpare-säljaremaktssituation: allsidig makt, hög nivå av beroende
   • Rekommenderad inköpsstrategi: Strategisk Allians, täta relationer, tidig leverantörsmedverkan, Co-Creation (Samskapande) (Prahalad Ramaswamy), överväga Vertikal Integration, långsiktigt värde fokus.
3. Icke kritiska varor.
   • Definition: Okritiska varor är produkter som är lätta att köpa och har också en relativt liten effekt på det finansiella resultatet. Kvaliteten är standardiserad.
   • Köpare-säljaremaktssituation: balanserad makt, låg nivå av beroende
   • Rekommenderad inköpsstrategi: minska tid och pengar som spenderas på dessa produkter genom att öka på produktstandardiseringen och effektivt bearbetande.
4. Flaskhalsvaror.
   • Definition: Flaskhalsvaror är produkter som det endast kan köpas av från en leverantör, eller deras leverans är annars opålitlig och haf en relativt liten effekt på det finansiella resultaten.
   • Köpare-säljaremaktssituation: leverantörendominerad, lagom nivå av beroende.
   • Rekommenderad inköpsstrategi: Volymförsäkringsavtal Leverantörsstyrda Lager, VMI, hålla extra lager, söker efter potentiella leverantörer.

Ursprunget till Kraljic modellen. Historia

Portföljmodellkonceptet utvecklades ursprungligen av Markowitz (1952), som använde det som ett instrument för att klara av egna kapitalinvesteringar. Kraljic (1983) var den första tog fram och arbetade med portföljmodeller på inköpsområdet.

Användningen av Kraljic matrisen. Användningsområden

• Analysera inköpsportföljen.
• Fokus på inköpsavdelningar för att de skall spendera deras tid på de produkter som betyder mest.
• Utkontraktering av okritiska varor och hävstångsvaror.

Stegen i Kraljic modellen. Process

1. Förbered portföljanalys.
2. Bestäm kriterier för vinsteffekt och tillförsel risker
3. Avgör detaljnivån i portföljanalysen (artikel- eller artikelgruppnivån? På vilken nivå avdelning, affärsenhet eller hela företaget?)
4. Fyll i Kraljicmatrisen.

5. Analysera och diskutera resultaten.

6. Definiera att inköpsportföljstrategi- och förbättringsåtgärder per kvadrant i det Kraljic:a ramverket.

7. Genomföra och övervaka strategin.

Forum Forumdiskussioner om Kraljic Modellen | Kraljic Matrisen. Nedan kan du ställa en fråga om det här ämnet, dela dina erfarenheter, rapportera en ny utveckling eller förklara något. Starta ett nytt ämne om Kraljic Modellen | Kraljic Matrisen Dela din kunskap här (eller ställ en fråga)   What is Purchase Marketing? I'm trying to find out what purchase marketing is? Thanks for your ideas and hints.... 10   1 kommentarer Beyond the Steady State What impact will the emergence of a service free public sector, that is failure immune or failure compensated, have on emergence in bottleneck markets, and what are the sustainability issues?... 9   Types of E-Procurement Tools I am looking for categories / types of E-procurement tools. 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