Что такое Just-in-time (Точно в срок)? Определение
Метод Just-in-time (Точно в срок) был впервые исследован Taiichi Ohno в Японии на заводах по сбору автомобилей Toyota в начале 1970-ых годов. Это производственная организационная философия. JIT снижает отходы путем поставки комплектующих только при наличии потребности для процесса сборки. В центре JIT лежит концепция канбан, японское слово означает карточка. Эта карточка канбан отсылается на товарный склад для запроса стандартного количества комплектующих по мере того, как и когда они расходуются в процессе сборки/производства. JIT требует точности, так как нужные комплектующие должны доставляться «точно в срок» в нужное место (на рабочую станцию на сборочном конвейере). Этот метод используется, главным образом, для крупномасштабных повторяющихся поточных производственных процессов.
История Just-in-time (Точно в срок)
Исторически, философия JIT возникла из 2 других явлений:
Стремление Японии улучшить качество своего производства. На тот момент, японские компании имели плохую репутацию в том, что касалось качества производства и, в частности, производства автомобилей.
Концепция "точно в срок" рассматривает товарно-материальные запасы как фактор, плохо объясняющий неэффективное планирование, отсутствие гибкости, некачественное машинное оборудование, проблемы качества, и т.д. Целью JIT является ускорение отзыва клиента паралельно с минимизацией товарно-материальных запасов. Товарно-материальные запасы помогают быстро откликнуться на измения в покупательском спросе, но неизбежно требуют больше денег и увеличения необходимого оборотного капитала.
В 1990г. James Womack написал книгу по названию «The Machine That Changed The World», введя термин «Lean Manufacturing (Экономичное производство)». Также вы можете найти слово: «Lean Production (Оптимизированное производство)». Принципы этих подходов не отличаются существенно от методов Ohno из Toyota.
Области, важные для Just-in-time (Точно в срок)
Типичные области, важные для внедрения JIT, включают:
Уменьшение запасов.
Уменьшение партий изделий и серийных партий.
Контроль качества.
Уменьшение сложности и прозрачность.
Плоская организационная структура и делегация полномочий.
Минимизация отходов.
Внешний расширенный Just-in-time (Точно в срок)
С распростанением Internet и программного обеспечения Supply Chain Planning (Планирование поставок), компании расширили производство "точно в срок" за пределы компании. Требуя от своих поставщиков поставлять товарно-материальные запасы на завод, только когда они нужны для сборки, еще более ускоряя производство JIT, срок выполнения заказа и процессы поставки, делая их более гибкими и более эффективными. Таким образом формируются Интегрированные сети поставок/Integrated Supply Networks (Сети спроса/Demand networks) или Электронные цепочки поставок/Electronic supply chains.
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Источники Информации
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Ссылки на Исследования
Автоматический переход к другим полезным источникам, касающимся Точно в срок.