Cause and Effect Diagram[因果图] | Fishbone Diagram[鱼骨图] （石川馨）

知识中心

什么是鱼骨图？ 释义

因果图（Cause and Effect Diagram），又称鱼骨图（Fishbone Diagram），是由日本质量控制兼统计专家石川馨（Kaoru Ishikawa）教授发明的一种图解法，用以辨识和处置事故或问题的原因。 因果图以图表的形式指出造成某种结果的各级原因之间的等级关系。 因果图（鱼骨图）往往还被称为 石川图（Ishikawa Diagram）。
 

鱼骨图的起源。 历史

鱼骨图的发明人石川馨教授，任教于日本东京大学，他是日本杰出的质量管理大师。 1943年，他首次运用鱼骨图帮助川崎钢铁厂的工程师们理解造成生产问题的各因素之间是如何相互关联的。

因果图 | 鱼骨图的用法。 应用

• 以团队努力，聚焦并攻克复杂难题。 比较： 8D Problem Solving[8D问题求解]
• 辨识导致问题或情况的所有原因，并从中找出根本原因。
• 分析导致问题的各原因之间相互关系。
• 采取补救措施、正确行动。

鱼骨图分析法的步骤。 流程

1. 首先，对团队成员讲解会议目的。 然后，认清、阐明所要解决的问题，并就此达成一致意见。

2. 安置一块白板或挂纸白板，用于后面的分析，确保每一位成员都能够看清白板内容。 在白板的最右侧中间位置画一长方形，其内填入所需解决的问题，一条箭头线从左至右指向长方形（问题）。

3. 召开Brainstorming[头脑风暴]研讨会。 在最初的草案阶段，对于鱼骨图的主叉可以采取以下分类方法。
   • 服务业： 8 Ps ： 人员（People）、产品/服务（Product/Service）、价格（Price）、市场促进（Promotion）、政策（Policies）、流程（Process）、程序（Procedures）、地点/厂址/技术（Place/Plant/Technology）。
   • 制造业： 6 Ms： 人力（Manpower）、方法（Methods）、量度（Measurement）、机器（Machinery）、材料（Materials），自然力/环境（Mother Nature/Environment）。
   • 利用上述分类逐一寻找问题的原因，如： 人的方面有无可能导致了这个问题？

4. 找出造成问题的最主要原因。 可以应用Pareto Analysis[帕累托分析] （80/20法则）或 Root Cause Analysis[根本原因分析]。

5. 以辨识出来的主要原因为标签，为鱼骨图添加分枝。

6. 继续寻找造成每一分枝问题的具体原因。 问： 这种情况为什么会发生？
7. 依照此法，在各分枝类别下做更为细致的因果分析。
8. 对最终形成的鱼骨图进行综合分析。
9. 根据鱼骨图及分析结果，采取行动。 解决问题，根除造成问题的原因。 对此，一般性的系统性手段为Deming Cycle[戴明循环]或RACI[RACI模型]。

鱼骨图的优势。 优点

• 全盘考虑造成问题的所有可能原因，而不是只看那些显著的表面原因。
• 通过结构性的工作方法，找出造成问题的根本原因。
• 鼓励团队参与，运用集体智慧。
• 关注于因果分析，而无不相干的抱怨或争论。
• 运用有序的、便于阅读的图表格式阐明因果关系。
• 项目过程中，团队成员个人的学习、理解和分析，亦有利于增强组织的流程知识。
• 辨识信息缺乏、研究不深之处，亦即后续学习、研究领域。

鱼骨图的局限。 缺点

• 对于极端复杂、因果关系错综复杂的问题效用不大。

鱼骨图的假定。 条件

• 每一个问题都是由一定数量的原因造成，这些原因本身又是由一些次级原因造成。
• 区别这些原因与次级原因，是解决问题的第一步，且是非常有用的一步。

参考书： Kaoru Ishikawa - Guide to Quality Control

论坛 关于以下内容的论坛讨论：因果分析。您可以在下方提出有关此主题的问题、分享您的经验、报告新的发展或解释一些事情。 开始一个新的论坛主题关于因果分析 在这里分享您的知识（或提出问题）   Solution and Effect Diagram There exists also an inverted Ishikawa Diagram, with the Solution on the left and a big arrow with branches pointing to the right. The branches show the consequences and effects of the solution. You c... 14   1条评论 Ishikawa System Limitations The Ishikawa system is a practical, solid tool for solutions of the quantitative problems. But when getting into subjective or qualitative factors it is a very weak application because of the difficul... 6   1条评论 When Should we Use a Cause Effect Diagram? In addition to the usage and application areas already mentioned in the summary, the Ishikawa Diagram can be used in the following situations: - To study a particular problem and find the root ca... 5   How to Apply Cause and Effect Analysis in a Processing Plant? I work in a process plant. I'm always facing breakdowns of machinery or even small defects. People including myself tend to replace immediately the defective part, and restore the machine in service.<... 4   3条评论 Ishikawa Process in Quality Control and Quality Management Problem Analysis for quality control/management issues using the Ishikawa process has a high degree of applicability. Its a simple yet effective and is able to generate a fairly accurate solution. Hig... 4   1条评论 Only the Probable, Approximate Main Cause is Found! Cause-effect diagram is one of methods determining the approximate main cause not the exact one Because it depends on the adequateness of are the suggested categories and consequentially, the rea... 3   Using the Ishikawa Diagram in the Public Sector What are the advantages to using a cause and effect diagram in the public sector rather than in the private sector? My tutor puts this question to me. For me, I think it's useful for both albeit liter... 2   2条评论 The 4Ms Model to Name Ishikawa Main Causes I checked the internet to find out who and when used the original 4Ms as names for the main cause categories (branches). Unfortunatelly I could not find it, even in papers referring to Ishikawa's book... 2   2条评论

最佳实践 关于因果分析的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。 What is the Taguchi Principle? Has anyone heard of the Taguchi principle and can you please explain what it is in simple terms? What are the benefits in logistics channels?... 23   15条评论 Cause and Effect Diagram: Next Steps It is well known that C&E analysis is a good tool for trouble shooting. My point is there can be many causes while drawing the C&E diagram. Once the diagram is complete how can one go to the root caus... 18   2条评论 Determining the Relevance of a Problem with an Ishikawa Diagram I use the fishbone to determine the relevance of a problem. On the upper side of the fishbone I put the positive characteristics (what are the benefits if the problem is solved). On the lower side the... 13   4条评论 Six Sigma and Fishbone Diagram Is there a relation between six-sigma and the fishbone diagram?... 12   5条评论 Understanding Demand and Failure Demand I am an MSc student of Six Sigma for service. For my final project I am evaluating the benefits of DMAIC lean "systems thinking" in a call centre. This involves mapping waste at a high level, by under... 8   6条评论 Complex Effect and Cause Relations Note that Effects and Causes of organizational problems are often interlinked as when a child does not study and the mother scolds him. But the child thinks: because my mother is scolding me every tim... 5   9条评论

专家提示 关于Cause and Effect Analysis（英语）的高级见解。在这里，您将找到专家的专业建议。 How to ApplyThe 5 Whys Method Definition, Process, Best Practices, Limitations Definition The 5 Whys Method was pioneered by Sakichi Toyoda and lately developed by the architect of Toyota Production... Approaches to Conducting RCA Activities Root Cause Analysis Methods One might be tempted to conclude that a completed RCA is the compilation of stakeholder views of "why" a situation occur... 3 Potential Categories of (Root) Causes Root Cause Analysis, Ishikawa, 8D, TOC Latino and Latino consider in a 1999-paper called 'Root Cause Analysis � Improving Performance for Bottom Line Results' ... Team-oriented Cause and Effect Analysis Team-based RCA The 8-D problem solving process, is a team-oriented method of problem solving. It applies process and statistical tools ...

信息来源 有关因果分析的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。 Ishikawa Diagram Analysing main causes and effects Comprehensive presentation. Topics: - Kaoru Ishikawa - Basic Concept - 7 Causes, 5 M's, 4P's, 4S's - Aim of Method ... Example of Root Cause Analysis: The Jefferson Memorial Root Cause Analysis, RCA, 5 Whys, Ishikawa Diagram, Cause and Effect Analysis The stone of the Jefferson Memorial in Washington DC was deteriorating quickly. Using Root Cause Analysis (more in parti... Determining the Root Cause of a Problem Root Cause Analysis, Problem Solving, Analysing Presentation about the Root Cause Analysis by 1. Why determine Root Cause? 2. What is a Root Cause? 3. What is RCA? ... Using the Whys Method Six Sigma, Toyoda, Toyota, Lean Production, Root Cause Analysis To solve a problem effectively, you need to drill down through the symptoms to the underlying cause. Sakichi Toyoda, one... Creating a Fish Bone Diagram in Excel Fish Bone Diagram Excel, Excel, Ishikawa Diagram Excel In this tutorial you can learn how to make a Fish Bone Diagram using Excel.... First Introduction to 8D Problem Solving and Root Cause Analysis Initial Understanding of Causes of Problems, Workshops, Trainings In this video Adrian Gundy explains 3 important terms or principles you need to understand about the 8 Disciplines or 8D... Cause and Effect Diagram Cause and Effect Analysis Download and edit this 12manage PowerPoint graphic for limited personal, educational and business use. Republishing in ...

研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源因果分析。 新闻 视频 简报   书比人好 学术的 更多

比较： 8D Problem Solving[8D问题求解]  |  Root Cause Analysis[根本原因分析]  |  Theory of Constraints[约束理论]  |  Dialectical Inquiry[辩证探询法]  |  Mind Mapping[心智图法]  |  Pyramid Principle[金字塔原则]  |  Delphi Method[德尔菲法]  |  Analogical Strategic Reasoning[战略类推]  |  Action Learning[行动学习法]  |  Brainstorming[头脑风暴法]  |  Six Thinking Hats[六项思考帽]  |  Kepner-Tregoe Matrix[KT矩阵]  |  RACI[RACI模型]  |  Gantt Chart[甘特图]

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