Culturele Dimensies
(Hofstede)

Kenniscentrum

Volgens Geert Hofstede, is er niet zoiets als een universele managementmethode of managementtheorie, die geldig is voor de gehele wereld. Zelfs het woord „management“ heeft een verschillende oorsprong en betekenissen over landen in de hele wereld. Management is geen fenomeen dat van andere processen kan worden geïsoleerd die in de maatschappij plaatsvinden. Het staat in wisselwerking met wat in de familie, op school, in politiek, en overheid gebeurt. Het is ook duidelijk verwant met godsdienst en met zienswijzen over wetenschap.

De Vijf Culturele Dimensies van Hofstede

Het culturele dimensiesmodel van Geert Hofstede is een raamwerk dat vijf soorten (dimensies) van verschillen/waardeperspectieven tussen nationale culturen beschrijft:

• De afstand van de macht. De graad van ongelijkheid onder mensen die door de bevolking van een land als normaal wordt beschouwt.

• Individualisme tegenover collectivisme. De mate waarin mensen voelen dat zij verondersteld worden om te zorgen voor, of zelf te worden verzorgd door, hun families of organisaties waartoe zij behoren.

• Masculinity tegenover vrouwelijkheid. De mate waarin een cultuur bevorderlijk is voor overheersing, assertiviteit en het verwerven van dingen. Tegenover een cultuur welke bevorderlijker is voor mensen, gevoelens en kwaliteit van leven.

• Het vermijden van de onzekerheid. De graad waaraan de mensen in een land gestructureerd over ongestructureerde situaties verkiezen.

• Lange termijn tegenover korte termijn oriëntatie. Lange termijn: waarden die georiënteerd zijn naar de toekomst, zoals sparen en persistentie. Korte termijn: waarden die naar het verleden en het heden zijn georiënteerd, zoals eerbied voor traditie en voor het vervullen van sociale verplichtingen.

Om management in een land te begrijpen, zou men zowel kennis van als empathie met de volledige lokale scène moeten hebben. Maar toch zouden de scores van het unieke statistische onderzoek dat Hofstede uitvoerde iedereen bewust moeten maken van het feit dat mensen in andere landen zeer verschillend kunnen denken, voelen, en handelen als uzelf, zelfs al wanneer zij geconfronteerd worden met basis problemen van de maatschappij. Om het even welke persoon die te maken heeft met Management of Strategie doet er goed aan om de lessen van de Culturele Dimensies Theorie van Hofstede constant in gedachten te houden. Mensen hebben nu eenmaal een bedriegende tendens om vanuit hun eigen ervaringen te denken en te voelen en te handelen, vooral wanneer zij internationaal werken.

Boek: Geert Hofstede - Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values

Boek: Geert Hofstede - Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind

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