Emotional Intelligence[情感智能]
(Goleman)

知识中心

情感智能的起源

当心理学家开始研究人的智商的时候，他们主要关注的是人的认知能力，如记忆力和解决问题的能力。 然而，有一些研究人员很早就意识到非认知能力的重要性：

• Robert Thorndike早在1937就撰文阐述社会智能，

• David Wechsler将智力定义为在一定环境下的自觉的行为、理性的思考、高效的行动的能力的总和（Wechsler，1958， p. 7）。 其实，早在1940年，Wechsler就已经提到了非智力因素（Wechsler 1940），即情感的、人际的以及社会的因素。 此外，1943年Wechsler又提出非智力因素对一个人的成功非常重要。

• Howard Gardner从1983年开始研究多元智能（Multiple Intelligence）， 他认为自我认识智能和人际关系智能与传统的通过IQ及相关测试来衡量的智能同样重要。

• Salovey和Mayer在1990年，正式提出了情感智能（Emotional Intelligence，EI）和情商（Emotional Quotient，EQ）的概念。 他们将EI定义为一种社会智能，它包括监督自己和他人情绪的能力、区分自己和他人情绪的能力，以及运用情绪信息去指导思维和行动的能力（Salovey & Mayer 1990）。 Salovey和Mayer还着手研究EI的测量方法，以深入探索其重要性。

1990年代初期，Daniel Goleman在他的第一部研究著作撰写过程中，就接触到了Salovey和Mayers的研究工作， 随后，在他的那本脍炙人口的《情感智能》（Emotional Intelligence）一书中，他首次为情感智能和社会智能的重要性提出了切实的证据。Daniel Goleman曾在哈佛接受心理学训练，并与著名的心理学家David McClelland在一起工作过。

情感智能的五个功能范畴

在1995年的时候，Goleman同意Salovey提出的EI的五个功能范畴（p. 43）。

• 了解自我。 内省、辨识自己的情绪。

• 管理自我。 把握自己情绪的能力。

• 自我激励。 将情绪体验运用于目标追求。

• 识别他人情绪。 同情心与社会意识。

• 处理人际关系。 管理自己情绪的技巧。

情感智能的四个功能范畴

后来，Goleman更倾向于四个功能范畴的提法。 这四个功能范畴包括19个类别，Goleman在他的《打造新领导人》（Primal Leadership）一书中对19个类别一一做了描述， 后来海氏公司（Hay Group）在此基础上又添加了两个类别：

• 自我意识（情绪自我觉察、 准确自我评估、自信）

• 自我管理（情绪自我调控、 透明度/可信度、 适应性、 成就导向性、 主动性、 乐观性、 严谨性）

• 社会意识（同理心、 组织意识、 服务导向性）

• 关系管理（感召式领导力、 影响力、 发展他人、 变革触媒、 冲突管理、 建立联结、 团队与合作、 沟通）

这里需要强调的是，根据Goleman，所有上述提到的这些EI都不是天生的， 而是通过后天学习培育而成。

IQ 挑战 EI ？

根据一些科学家的研究，IQ[智商]作为工作绩效的预测器，效果并不理想。 Hunter和Hunter（1984）估计，对于一个人的绩效表现，IQ的贡献份额至多只能占到25%， sternberg（1996）更指出，据他的研究，10%的比例可能更为准确。 在另一些研究中，IQ的贡献份额更是少得可怜，只占4%左右。 在Van Rooy和Viswesvaran于2004年所做的一项整合研究中，他们通过将EI和IQ进行对比，来检验EI与绩效表现的关联性以及预测有效性，最终他们发现在一般工作及学术成绩方面，IQ较之EI是一个更好的预测指标。 然而，当考察一个人能否成为其职位上的“明星”的时候（绩效表现在其所属组织中排在前10%），或者当考察一个人能否成为杰出领导者的时候，比起EI来，IQ就显得不是那么强有力了。

IQ与EI： 纯粹类型

Goleman认为，不应该将IQ与EI视作互为对立的竞争体， 它们各有其用武之地。 尽管可以简单地将人归类以高IQ、低EI，或者高EI、低IQ，但这些情形毕竟相对少见。 在IQ和EI之间存有一定的关联性。 以下是几个典型（纯粹类型）：

• （纯粹的）高智商男性。 这种人无疑非常典型，他聪明能干、 雄心勃勃、工作富有成效。 他富有预见性，并执著于既定目标。 他无忧无虑，能够控制自己的烦恼。 他还兼具批评议论与谦逊俯就的特点、 吹毛求疵与羞涩内向的特点。 他对性感到不自在、兴趣不足。 他表现力差、往往疏离于他人， 他的情感异常冷淡。

• （纯粹的）高情商男性。 他是典型的社会型人士， 外向，愉悦， 不会担惊受怕、杞人忧天、闷闷不乐。 他有非常强烈的事业心、责任感，并具有道德观念。 他富有同情心，注意人际关系。 他的情感生活丰富多彩，但有节有度。 他善待自己、他人以及他周遭的社会世界。

• （纯粹的）高智商女性。 她对于自己的智商很有信心， 她能够流利表达自己的思想观点。 她看重智力因素， 具有广泛的智力及审美情趣。 她趋向于内省， 经常忧虑、内疚、沉思， 不善公开表达自己的愤怒。

• （纯粹的）高情商女性。 她是那种过于自信、敞开情感的人， 对自己总是采取一种积极的认识态度， 生活对她而言，充满了趣味。 她是外向型、社交型的人士， 能够适当地表达自己的情感。 她善于调节压力。 她的处世态度使她很容易结交陌生人。 她非常善待自己，享乐生活、不受约束，对于性比较开放。 她很少有负罪感，或深思自省。

评估和测量EI

测量EI的工具有：

• EQ-I模块（Bar-On，1997）： 一种EI的自我测量和评估工具，且能帮助测试人训练培养高人一筹的情商

• 多元情商标尺（Mayer、Caruso、Salovey， 1998） ：   一种能力测试，通过当事人执行一系列的预设任务来评估其情商，这些任务与感知情绪、辨别情绪、理解情绪、把握情绪的能力密切相关。

• 情绪能力问卷（Goleman 1998）：   一种360度全方位情商评估方法，用以对组织成员进行情商评估，它不仅向当事人，而且向他的上司、下属和同事来了解情况，从而评估其情商（形式是个人反馈报告）。 ECI的另一种形式是以集体为单位进行情商评估（形式是内部稽核）。 评估对象是组织内部任何层次规模的集体，内部稽核的结果是给出这些集体的组织轮廓和特征。 ECI将从上面提到的19个（或21个）情商类别入手，进行情商评估。

参考书： Daniel Goleman - Emotional Intelligence [中译本《EQ：情感智商》，上海科学技术出版社，1997]

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信息来源 有关情感智能的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。 Facial Expressions Emotion Recognition Study by Hillary Anger Elfenbein presents data on training to improve the accuracy of judging facial expressions of emot... EI: What it is and Why it Matters History, Current Interest, Value of EI History of the Emotional Intelligence concept as an area of research. Description how it has come to be defined and meas... Applying EI to a Job Interview Job Interviews 10 ways to apply Ei to a job interview. By M.Peer Mohamed Sardhar... 22 Guidelines for Best Practices Training EI at Work 22 guidelines for best practice in the area of training and developing social and emotional competencies at work These ... Emotional Intelligence Conflict Management Study by M. Afzalur Rahim a.o. investigates the relationships of the five dimensions of emotional intelligence: self-awa... Emotional Intelligence - A Leader�s Primer Emotional Intelligence Presentation on meaning of 4 EI Competencies (Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, Relationship Managemen... Interview Goleman on Emotional Intelligence Introduction to Emotional Intelligence According to Daniel Goleman emotional intelligence refers to how well we handle ourselves and relationships.There are fo... NLP: The 6 Neurological Levels 6 layers to view at the reality of a person or issue Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) is used increasingly by businesses and individuals in HR, marketing, sales and organi... Emotional Intelligence: Job Performance and Career Success Emotional Intelligence, Management Development, Career Management, Career Assessments Presentation about Emotional Intelligence includes the following sections: 1. Background 1.1 Old versus New Career Par... The Influence of Emotions and Moods on Decision-Making and Entrepreneurship Decision Making, Emotional Intelligence, Entrepreneurship, Cognitive Bias This presentation is about emotions in decision-making, thereby paying specific attention to Emotional Intelligence 1. ... Howard Gardner's Eight Intelligences Intelligences Research A presentation about Gardner, one of the four authors mentioned as inventors of emotional intelligence. A more detailed... Advice to Improve Your Emotional Intelligence Improve Your Emotional Intelligence First five top tips out of 55 for developing emotional intelligence. By Doug Constant. Remaining 50 tips available for $... Common Negative Feelings EI Education Comprehensive list of around 100 negative feelings in 6 categories.... Recognizing Stress in Yourself and Your People Coping with Stress, Avoiding Stress, Emotional Intelligence, Stress Management What is stress? Stress is a feeling of being overloaded, wound-up and worried. How can you recognize stress in yours... Practical Communication Tips for Managers Management Skills, Leadership Skills, Management Development, Leadership Development, Situational Leadership As manager you need to combine professional expertise and experience with specific character traits, interpersonal and c... Managing Psychological Well-being in Workplaces Organizational Commitment, Performance Management, Stress Management, Workplace Management This presentation elaborates on the developing of efficient workplaces through mental well-being. The presentation inclu... Peer and Co-worker Relationships Relationship Management, Emotional Intelligence, Coaching, Emotional Work, Relationship at Work, Employee Relationships This presentation is about the relationship between peer and co-workers, and includes the following sections: 1. Nature... Emotions In Finance and Economics Decision Making, Behavioral Economics, Behavioral Finance Detailed presentation about the role of emotions in making decisions. The presentation includes the following sections: ...

研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源情感智能。 新闻 视频 简报   书比人好 学术的 更多

比较： Cultural Intelligence[文化智能]  |  Whole Brain Model[全脑模型]  |  Johari Window[乔哈里资讯窗]  |  Attribution Theory[归因理论]  |  Leadership Styles[领导风格]  |  Framing[心理定格]  |  ERG Theory[ERG理论]  |  Path-Goal Theory[路径-目标理论]  |  4 Dimensions of Relational Work[关系工作的四个类型]  |  Competing Values Framework[竞值架构]  |  Hierarchy of Needs[需求层次理论]  |  Six Change Approaches[六变革法]  |  Seven Habits[七个习惯]  |  PAEI[PAEI管理角色]  |  Action Learning[行动学习法]  |  Team Management Profile[团队管理剖面]

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