Emotional Intelligence
(Goleman)

Knowledge Center

Emotional Intelligence history

When psychologists began to write and think about intelligence, they initially focused on cognitive aspects, such as memory and problem-solving. However, some researchers recognized the importance of non-cognitive aspects early on:

• Robert Thorndike was writing about social intelligence in 1937,

• David Wechsler defined intelligence as the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment (Wechsler, 1958, p. 7). Already in 1940 Wechsler referred to non-intellective as well as intellective elements (Wechsler, 1940), by which he meant affective, personal, and social factors. Furthermore, already in 1943 Wechsler was proposing that the non-intellective abilities are essential for predicting ones ability to succeed in life.

• Howard Gardner began to write about multiple intelligence in 1983. He proposed that intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences and the type of intelligence (typically measured by IQ and related tests) are equally important.

• Salovey and Mayer actually coined the term emotional intelligence in 1990. They described emotional intelligence as "a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide ones thinking and action" (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). Salovey and Mayer also initiated a research program intended to develop valid measures of emotional intelligence and to explore its significance.

In doing the research for his first book, Daniel Goleman became aware of Salovey and Mayers work in the early 1990s. Being trained as a psychologist at Harvard, where he worked with David McClelland, Goleman wrote the popular bestseller "Emotional Intelligence" (1995), in which he offered the first ' proof'  that emotional and social factors are important.

Five Domains of Emotional Intelligence

Goleman in 1995 agrees with Salovey's Five Main Domains of Emotional Intelligence (p. 43)

• Knowing one's emotions. Self-awareness, recognizing a feeling while it happens.

• Managing emotions. The ability of handling feelings so they are appropriate.

• Motivating oneself. Marshalling emotions in the service of a goal.

• Recognizing emotions in others. Empathy, social awareness.

• Handling relationships. Skill in managing emotions in others.

Four domains of Emotional Intelligence

More recently, Goleman favors only Four Domains of EI. The 4 domains have 19 categories, as described in his 2002-book "Primal Leadership". 2 extra categories were added by the Hay Group:

• Self-awareness (Emotional Self-Awareness. Accurate Self-Assessment and Self Confidence)

• Self-management (Emotional Self-Control. Transparency (Trustworthiness). Adaptability. Achievement Orientation. Initiative. Optimism. Conscientiousness)

• Social awareness (Empathy. Organizational Awareness. Service Orientation)

• Relationship management (Inspirational Leadership. Influence. Developing Others. Change Catalyst. Conflict Management. Building Bonds. Teamwork and Collaboration. Communication)

An important thing to understand is that - according to Goleman - these EI competencies are not innate talents. They are learned abilities.

IQ or EI?

According to some scientists, IQ by itself is not a very good predictor of job performance. Hunter and Hunter (1984) estimated that at best IQ accounts for about 25 percent of the variance. Sternberg (1996) has pointed out that studies vary and that 10 percent may be a more realistic estimate. In some studies, IQ accounts for as little as 4 percent of the variance. In a recent meta-analysis examining the correlation and predictive validity of EI when compared to IQ or general mental ability, Van Rooy and Viswesvaran (2004) found IQ to be a better predictor of work and academic performance than EI. However, when it comes to the question of whether a person will become a "star performer" (in the top ten percent, however such performance is appropriately assessed) within that role, or be an outstanding leader, IQ may be a less powerful predictor than emotional intelligence (Goleman 1998, 2001, 2002).

IQ and EI: pure types

According to Goleman, IQ and EI should not be regarded as competencies with an opposite direction. They are rather separate competencies. People with a high IQ but low EI (or the opposite) are, despite the stereotypes, relatively rare. There is a correlation between IQ and some aspects of EI. The stereotypes (pure types) are:

• (Pure) High-IQ male. He is typified - no surprise - by a wide range of intellectual interest and abilities. He is ambitious and productive. Predictable and dogged. And untroubled by concerns about himself. He also tends to be critical and condescending. Fastidious and inhibited. Uneasy with sexuality and sensual experience. Unexpressive and detached. And emotionally bland and cold.

• (Pure) High-EI male. He is socially poised. Outgoing and cheerful. Not prone to fearfulness or worried rumination. He has a notable capacity for commitment to people or causes, for taking responsibility, and for having an ethical outlook. He is sympathetic and caring in his relationships. His emotional life is rich, but appropriate. He is comfortable with himself, others, and the social universe he lives in.

• (Pure) High-IQ female. She has the expected intellectual confidence. Is fluent in expressing her thoughts. Values intellectual matters. And has a wide range of intellectual and aesthetic interests. She tends to be introspective. Prone to anxiety, rumination, and guilt. And hesitates to express her anger openly.

• (Pure) High-EI female. She tend to be assertive and expresses her feelings directly. And feels positive about herself. Life holds meaning for her. She is outgoing and gregarious. And expresses her feelings appropriately. She adapts well to stress. Her social poise lets her easily reach out to new people. She is comfortable enough with herself to be playful, spontaneous, and open to sensual experience. She rarely feels guilty, or sinks into rumination.

Assessing and measuring Emotional Intelligence

Instruments used for measuring Emotional Intelligence

• EQ-I (Bar-On, 1997): a self-report instrument to  assess those personal qualities that enabled some people to possess better emotional well-being than others.

• Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1998):  a test of ability where the test-taker performs a series of tasks that are designed to assess the persons ability to perceive, identify, understand, and work with emotion.

• Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI) (Goleman, 1998):  a 360 degree instrument, where people evaluate the individuals within an organization (Individual Feedback Reports). Or the organization as a whole (Work Force Audits). These audits can provide an organizational profile for any size group within the company. The Emotional Competence Inventory works with the 19/21 competencies described above (See under Four Domains of EI).

Book: Daniel Goleman - Emotional Intelligence

Forum Forum discussions about Emotional Intelligence. Below you can ask a question about this topic, share your experiences, report a new development, or explain something. Start a new topic about Emotional Intelligence Share your knowledge here (or ask a question)   The Importance of Soft Skills for Young People Most young people aspiring to a job or already having one, do not realize the importance of developing soft skills until they face the harsh reality. There is a great distance between what companies w... 22   21 comments Ethical Emotional Intelligence? I was wondering how EI impacts on the ethical foundation of individuals and how EI impacts on ethical decision making? Any ideas?... 16   37 comments 3 Approaches Towards Emotional Intelligence In an article “Human Abilities: Emotional Intelligence” Mayer, Roberts and Barsade describe the theoretical approaches to Emotional Intelligence (EI), distinguishing the Specific-Ability Approach, the... 13   Emotional Intelligence is NOT Opposite of Intelligence As indicated in the main text, it is very important to understand that emotional intelligence is NOT the opposite of intelligence, it is not the triumph of heart over head -- it is the unique intersec... 11   How you Should Manage Yourself (Drucker) Peter Drucker (1999) emphasises several components of effective self-management. The underlying principle of one-own’s self management is identification and development of one’s STRENGTHS instead of f... 10   The 4 Domains and 12 Competencies of Emotional Intelligence Don’t shortchange your development as a leader by assuming that emotional intelligence (EI) is all about being sweet and chipper, or that your EI is as perfect as you are — or, even worse, assume that... 10   4 comments Emotional Intelligence of Groups and Companies I wonder, besides the obvious EI on the individual level, can we also observe Emotional Intelligent groups or even Emotional Intelligent enterprises?... 8   2 comments Best Compliment: 'You must have a high EQ'. I had a wonderful compliment the other day. On meeting a man and him taking me out on our first date. It was the best compliment he could have given me. He said I had a high EQ! I was thrilled! Better... 8   2 comments Emotional Intelligence - Better Predictor of Success then IQ Studies have shown that there is a direct co-relation between emotional intelligence and success in real life. A high IQ is not necessarily a predictor of success.... 8   2 comments Some Level of EQ and IQ Either Way is Needed A very intelligent person (high IQ) might be great to have around. But he has to have some emotional capacity (high EQ) to assert a better coping abilities to life's daily wiles... Either at work... 8   2 comments 🔥 NEW How to Manage and Help a Grieving Employee? The death of a parent, sibling, close relative or even a beloved pet can profoundly impact our daily lives. Grieving the loss of a beloved doesn't end overnight; it requires time, care and patience. A... 8   6 comments Are these Responses Proof of Emotional Intelligence? Suppose you were to choke while eating and I would bring you a glass of water. Or if you spilled water, without you having to ask I will hand you a napkin. I believe these responses from me ... 7   2 comments EI and Sensitivity for Subconscious Mind Has EI anything to do with being more sensitive or tolerant into the subconscious mind of other persons?... 7   1 comments Mayer's Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence. Comparison Goleman The Ability Model of Mayer of Emotional Intelligence (EI) versus Goleman. Mayer has been the first who defined the concept of EI. After that, many contributors including Goleman have developed di... 6   Importance of Emotional Intelligence for Organisations I consider it very important for organisations to recognise the importance of EI and develop it amongst their management and leaders. This enables such organisations to be more successful and eff... 5   1 comments Understanding Emotions Logically Through "social intelligence", which is about observing nonverbal behavior and understanding emotions, you can learn to differentiate between emotions, for example between a genuine and a fake smile, ... 3   1 comments

Best Practices The best, top-rated topics about Emotional Intelligence. Here you will find the most valuable ideas and practical suggestions. Intelligence of the Heart I shall begin with some some real life incidents that happened to me. Incident 1: the girl standing up for her friend. One day I was traveling in a general compartment of a train. To ... 55   79 comments (How) Can I improve my Emotional Intelligence? Can we improve our EI? How can I learn to be more emotional intelligent, and how can I unlearn ineffective habits I may have?... 47   11 comments The Benefits of Emotional Intelligence (EQ) Emotional Intelligence skills influence people to self awareness, self managing, awareness of other people and relations managing. These abilities result in a successful position in the family, j... 29   3 comments Goleman's 3 Questions to Increase your Emotional Intelligence To improve your Emotional Intelligence (EI) you have to know the areas where to focus your efforts. And you must understand how to improve these skills on a practical level along with the goals you wa... 29   6 comments How to Moderate the Effect of Negative Moods on Your (Team's) Performance POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MOODS You and your employees experience different moods. These moods can be roughly divided into positive and negative moods. Moods are important, because they influence the... 21   8 comments Emotional Intelligence and Age Does Emotional Intelligence increase or decrease when we grow older? Or is age irrelevant?... 20   9 comments The Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership It is well known nowadays that leadership is connected with emotions. Leaders who are able to manage their emotions and who show affinity towards employees are often seen as good leaders. G... 20   5 comments Soft Skills and Emotional Intelligence What are the differences between Soft Skills (SS) and Emotional Intelligence (EI)? What is the meaning and scope of the term SS? What categories of soft skills can we distinguish?... 19   27 comments The Role of Management in Developing EI and Soft Skills Previously, IQ and/or knowledge was seen by many as the main factor determining individual success, however, this paradigm is shifting to EI and/or soft skills. An employee with good EI/soft skills is... 18   8 comments Cross-cultural Validity of Emotional Intelligence To what extent is the Emotional Intelligence model valid cross-culturally? It appears EI derived out of Western thinking. I am looking for recent papers or articles about this.... 17   5 comments Emotions versus Reason An emotion is an automatic response, an automatic effect of our value premises - therefore it is an effect not a cause. There is no necessary clash or dichotomy between man's reason and his emotions, ... 13   3 comments Emotional Intelligence versus IQ I think we can link EQ with wisdom and IQ with knowledge. One can be knowledgeable with others knowledge but one cannot be wise with others wisdom. That effectively leaves EQ to the genes and IQ ... 13   6 comments EQ / EI Questionaire Where can i find an inventory or questionnaire on EI / EQ?... 12   3 comments Where does Wisdom come from? Why are some wiser? We see educated people but unwise. We see less literate people but wise. Is it one's thoughts which make someone wise/unwise? Or is it something else? Where does the wisdom come fr... 10   5 comments Emotional Intelligence = Maturity? Would Emotional intelligence not be the same as maturity. Ordinarily, maturity comes with age, but sometimes you find a young person who behaves or handles situations with more maturity than his chr... 8   4 comments Cleaning our Emotions The important thing about emotional intelligence is self awareness. It starts with knowing oneself, and with cleaning all those feelings that have blurred our most beautiful feelings of love, compassi... 8   4 comments How can EQ and IQ be Combined? Of course, EQ and IQ can be combined in one individual. But how can we assess the extent to an individual is successful in achieving this? The potential of an individual can briefly be described ... 5   7 comments

Expert Tips Advanced insights about Emotional Intelligence. Here you will find professional advices by experts. Theory of Multiple Intelligences Skills Development In 1983, Howard Gardner proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. According to Gardner there are a wide variety of ... The Brain's Lymbic System is an Open-loop System. The Phenomenon of Mirroring EI Awareness A closed-loop system is self-regulating, it is not influenced by things outside of the system. An open-loop system depe... How to Develop Your / Someone's Emotional Intelligence? Emotional Intelligence Development, Coaching, Mentoring In order to develop Emotional Intelligence, Steve Hein suggests adopting following habits: - Become emotionally literat... How to Assess Your / Someone's Social Intelligence and Leadership Skills Social Intelligence, Leadership Development In their article "Social Intelligence and the Biology of Leadership" (HBR, September 2008), Daniel Goleman and Richard B... Limitations of Emotional Intelligence EI Consulting, Coaching, Mentoring, Measuring Emotional Intelligence Some significant limitations of Emotional Intelligence mentioned by academics as well as professional are as follows: -... The Importance of Self-awareness for Project Managers Professional Development, Personal Development, Project Management, Ethics, Beliefs, Values, Emotional Intelligence Self-awareness is how an individual consciously knows and understands their own character, feelings, motives, and desire... Emotional Style and Leadership Performance Leadership Coaching, Understanding the Mechanisms behind Leadership Goleman made another contribution to the study of successful leadership. This represented a deeper analysis of earlier r... How to Develop Better Relational Skills? Human Resources, Leadership Although it is not necessary to be interested in or skilled at all four dimensions of relational work in order to succee... Thorndike on Intelligence 1920 3 distinct types E.L. Thorndike (1920: Intelligence and its uses) distinguished between three distinct types of intelligence: 1. Abstrac... Reasons and Remedies to Dissonance in Leaders Primal Leadership, Emotional Intelligence, Stress, Cognitive Dissonance, Resonance In today’s constantly changing, challenging and demanding environment, it is hard for leaders to remain effective and re... Bar-On Measure of EQ 1985 Measuring EQ R. Bar-On (1985: The development of an operational concept of psychological well-being) mentions 5 interdependent dimens... History of Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence, ESCI Model According to the user guide for accredited practitioners of the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI) Model, ...

Information Sources Various sources of information regarding Emotional Intelligence. Here you will find powerpoints, videos, news, etc. to use in your own lectures and workshops. Facial Expressions Emotion Recognition Study by Hillary Anger Elfenbein presents data on training to improve the accuracy of judging facial expressions of emot... EI: What it is and Why it Matters History, Current Interest, Value of EI History of the Emotional Intelligence concept as an area of research. Description how it has come to be defined and meas... Applying EI to a Job Interview Job Interviews 10 ways to apply Ei to a job interview. By M.Peer Mohamed Sardhar... 22 Guidelines for Best Practices Training EI at Work 22 guidelines for best practice in the area of training and developing social and emotional competencies at work These ... Emotional Intelligence Conflict Management Study by M. Afzalur Rahim a.o. investigates the relationships of the five dimensions of emotional intelligence: self-awa... Emotional Intelligence - A Leader’s Primer Emotional Intelligence Presentation on meaning of 4 EI Competencies (Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, Relationship Managemen... Interview Goleman on Emotional Intelligence Introduction to Emotional Intelligence According to Daniel Goleman emotional intelligence refers to how well we handle ourselves and relationships.There are fo... NLP: The 6 Neurological Levels 6 layers to view at the reality of a person or issue Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) is used increasingly by businesses and individuals in HR, marketing, sales and organi... Emotional Intelligence: Job Performance and Career Success Emotional Intelligence, Management Development, Career Management, Career Assessments Presentation about Emotional Intelligence includes the following sections: 1. Background 1.1 Old versus New Career Par... The Influence of Emotions and Moods on Decision-Making and Entrepreneurship Decision Making, Emotional Intelligence, Entrepreneurship, Cognitive Bias This presentation is about emotions in decision-making, thereby paying specific attention to Emotional Intelligence 1. ... Howard Gardner's Eight Intelligences Intelligences Research A presentation about Gardner, one of the four authors mentioned as inventors of emotional intelligence. A more detailed... Advice to Improve Your Emotional Intelligence Improve Your Emotional Intelligence First five top tips out of 55 for developing emotional intelligence. By Doug Constant. Remaining 50 tips available for $... Common Negative Feelings EI Education Comprehensive list of around 100 negative feelings in 6 categories.... Recognizing Stress in Yourself and Your People Coping with Stress, Avoiding Stress, Emotional Intelligence, Stress Management What is stress? Stress is a feeling of being overloaded, wound-up and worried. How can you recognize stress in yours... Practical Communication Tips for Managers Management Skills, Leadership Skills, Management Development, Leadership Development, Situational Leadership As manager you need to combine professional expertise and experience with specific character traits, interpersonal and c... Managing Psychological Well-being in Workplaces Organizational Commitment, Performance Management, Stress Management, Workplace Management This presentation elaborates on the developing of efficient workplaces through mental well-being. The presentation inclu... Peer and Co-worker Relationships Relationship Management, Emotional Intelligence, Coaching, Emotional Work, Relationship at Work, Employee Relationships This presentation is about the relationship between peer and co-workers, and includes the following sections: 1. Nature... Emotions In Finance and Economics Decision Making, Behavioral Economics, Behavioral Finance Detailed presentation about the role of emotions in making decisions. The presentation includes the following sections: ...

Research Links Jump to further research sources regarding Emotional Intelligence. News Videos Presentations   Books Academic More

Compare with Emotional Intelligence: Cultural Intelligence  |  Whole Brain Model  |  Johari Window  |  Attribution Theory  |  Leadership Styles  |  Framing  |  ERG Theory  |  Path-Goal Theory  |  4 Dimensions of Relational Work  |  Competing Values Framework  |  Hierarchy of Needs  |  Six Change Approaches  |  Seven Habits  |  PAEI  |  Action Learning  |  Team Management Profile

Return to Management Hub: Communication & Skills  |  Ethics & Responsibility  |  Human Resources  |  Leadership

More Management Methods, Models and Theory