14 Ledningsprinciper (Fayol)

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Vilka är de 14 Ledningsprinciper? Beskrivning

De 14 Ledningsprinciperna från Henri Fayol (1841-1925) är:

1. Arbetetsdelning. Specialisering tillåter att individen bygger upp erfarenhet och fortlöpande förbättrar sina färdigheter. Därmed kan han vara mer produktiv.
2. Auktoritet. Rätten till att ge order som måste hänga ihop med ett balanserat ansvar för sin funktion.
3. Disciplin. Anställda måste lyda, men detta har två sidor: anställda kommer att lyda order endast om ledningen spelar deras spel, genom att erbjuda gott ledarskap.
4. Enhetligt ledarskap. Alla arbetare bör ha endast en chef som inte har några andra motstridiga linjeansvar.
5. Enhetlig riktning/direktiv. Personer som är engagerade i samma typ av aktiviteter måste ha samma målsättningar och en gemensam plan. Detta är nödvändigt för att se till tydlighet och koordination i företaget. Tydligt ledarskap finns inte utan det finns en tydlighet om riktningen men kommer inte nödvändigtvis automatiskt från detta.
6. Individuellt intresse är underordnat (det gemensamma intresset). Ledningen måste se till att företagens mål alltid är viktigast.
7. Ersättning (Individuell). Betalning är en viktig motivator även om man genom att ha analyserat flera möjligheter, så pekar Fayol på att det inte finns något som är det perfekta systemet.
8. Centralisering (eller Decentralisering). Detta är en fråga om graden av beroende till villkoren i ett företag och dess kvalitet hos personalen.
9. Hierarki  (Linjeansvar). En hierarki är nödvändig för en sammstämmighet av riktningen. Men sidokommunikationen är också grundläggande, så länge som arbetsledare vet att en sådan kommunikation äger rum. Den hierarkiska (skalära) kedjan refererar till de antal nivåer som finns i hierarkin från det högsta ansvaret till den lägsta nivån i organisationen. Det bör inte överdrivas och bestå av allt för-många nivåer.
10. Ordning. Både materiell ordning och social ordning är nödvändigt. Det tidigare minimerar förlorad tid och värdelös hantering av material. Det sistnämnda uppnås genom organisation och urval.
11. Rättvisa och rimlighet. I att driva ett företag ”Är en kombination av välvilja och rättvisa” nödvändigt. Det är viktigt att behandla alla anställda väl och att uppnå rättvisa.
12. Personalstabilitet. Anställda arbetar bättre om anställningstrygghet och karriärframsteg försäkras dem. En otrygg varaktighet och en hög personalomsättning kommer att påverka organisationen motsatt.
13. Initiativ. Tillåter att all personal får visa att deras insats på något sätt är en källa till styrka för organisationen. innebär att man offrar ”personlig högflärd” på bekostnad av många chefer.
14. Samhörighetskänsla. Ledningen måste vårda moralen hos de anställda. Han föreslår vidare att: ”verklig begåvning är nödvändig för att koordinera insats, uppmuntra till arbetslust, att använda alla personers förmågor och belöna varje merit, utan att väcka möjlighet till avundsjuka och att störa harmoniska relationer.”

5 ledningsfunktioner (Fayol)

Som en del av administratörens "administrativa" aktivitet - som idag kallas "chefen" (föreståndare, manager), särskiljer Fayol fem funktioner:

1. Planering. (Prognos & plan). Undersöker framtiden och upprättar en handlingsplan. Beståndsdelarna i strategin.
2. Organisera. Bygg upp strukturen både materiellt och mänskligt av det som man har tagit på sig.
3. Leda. Bibehåll aktiviteten bland personalen.
4. Koordinera. Binda ihop, förena och harmonisera all aktivitet och insats.
5. Kontrollera. Se till att allt sker i överenstämmighet med etablerade regler och uttryckta order.

Ursprunget till de 14 Ledningsprinciperna. Historia

Henri Fayol (1841-1925) var en fransk ledningsteoretiker vars teorier om ledning och organiserande av arbetskraft hade en stor påverkan i början på 1900 talet. Han var en gruvingenjör, som arbetade för ett franskt gruv företag Commentry-Fourchamboult-Decazeville, först som en ingenjör. Därefter han flyttade han vidare till företagsledningen och blev verkställande direktör från 1888 till 1918. Under hans tid som VD skrev han olika artiklar omkring ”administration” och år 1916 för Bulletin de la Société de l´ Industrie Minérale som publicerade hans ”administration, Industrielle et Générale - Prévoyance, Organisation, Commandment, Coordination, Contrôle”. År 1949 så visades den första engelska översättningen:   ”General and Industrial Management” av Constance Storrs.

Användningen av de 14 Ledningsprinciperna. Användningsområden

• Förändring och organisation.
• Beslutsfattande.
• Kunskaper och Färdigheter. Kan användas till att förbättra grundläggande effektivitet hos en chef.
• Förståelsen för att ledning kan ses som en mångfald av aktiviteter som kan listas och grupperas.

Bok: Henri Fayol - General and Industrial Management

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