![Culture Types[文化类型] （狄尔&肯尼迪）](images/picture_deal_kennedy_culture_types.gif) 什么是文化类型？ 释义
哈佛教授泰伦斯·狄尔（Terrence Deal）与麦肯锡咨询公司咨讯顾问艾伦·肯尼迪（Allen Kennedy）是最早一批致力于企业文化（Corporate Culture）研究的学者。 1982年，在他们的书作《企业文化：企业生活中的礼仪与仪式》（Corporate Culture: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life）中，狄尔与肯尼迪认为， 组织文化简而言之就是组织的行事方式（The way things get done around here）。
在这本书中，他们还提出了企业文化的六个关联要素： 历史、价值观与信仰、礼仪与仪式，故事、英雄以及由企业内外不同群体所组成的文化网络。 他们通过以下两个因素来区分企业的文化类型：
- 反馈速度（Feedback Speed）： 企业活动获取反馈与回报的速度。
- 风险程度（Degree of Risk）： 企业活动的风险程度和不确定度。
根据这两个因素，企业文化即可划分出以下四个类型：
- 硬汉型文化（Tough-Guy Macho Culture）（反馈与回报的速度快，风险大）：
- 因为高风险和回报的不确定性而产生压力。
- 着眼当下，个人主义压倒团队精神。
- 典型： 广告业、经济人行业、体育圈。
- 苦干型文化（Work-Hard, Play-Hard Culture）（反馈与回报的速度快，风险低）：
- 压力源自工作量，而非工作任务的不确定性。
- 重视速度，超人工作。
- 典型： 销售业、餐饮业、软件行业。
- 办差型文化（Process Culture）（反馈与回报的速度慢，风险低）：
- 压力一般较低，但组织内部政策以及官僚制度也有可能造成压力。
- 关注细节与流程表现。
- 典型： 政府机关、银行业、保险业、公共机构。
- 赌注型文化（Bet-Your-Company Culture）（反馈与回报的速度慢，风险高）：
- 压力源自高风险以及反馈与回报的滞后。
- 目光长远，重视准备与规划。
- 典型： 制药业、飞机制造业、石油勘探业。
参考书： Terrence E. Deal, Allan A. Kennedy - Corporate Cultures:
The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life (1982) [中译本《企业文化：企业生活中的礼仪与仪式》，中国人民大学出版社，2008] -
参考书： Terrence E. Deal, Allan A. Kennedy - The New Corporate Cultures (2000)
[中译本《创造竞争优势：7大经营挑战与5大成功法宝》，台北先觉出版股份有限公司，2001] -
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在这里，您将找到powerpoint演示文稿，微观学习视频和更多信息来源。
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比较： Levels of Culture[文化层次] | Changing Organization Cultures[组织文化变革法] | Cultural Dimensions[文化尺度] | Groupthink[团体迷思] | Core Group Theory[核心组理论] | Contingency Theory[权变理论] | Change Management Iceberg[变革管理冰山] | Change Phases[变革阶段] | Force Field Analysis[力场分析法] | Theory of Planned Behavior[计划行为理论] | Leadership Continuum[领导连续体] | Cultural Intelligence[文化智能]
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