Culture Types[文化类型] （狄尔&肯尼迪）

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区别企业文化的四种类型。 狄尔与肯尼迪的文化类型解析。 (1982)

什么是文化类型？ 释义

哈佛教授泰伦斯·狄尔（Terrence Deal）与麦肯锡咨询公司咨讯顾问艾伦·肯尼迪（Allen Kennedy）是最早一批致力于企业文化（Corporate Culture）研究的学者。 1982年，在他们的书作《企业文化：企业生活中的礼仪与仪式》（Corporate Culture: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life）中，狄尔与肯尼迪认为， 组织文化简而言之就是组织的行事方式（The way things get done around here）。

在这本书中，他们还提出了企业文化的六个关联要素： 历史、价值观与信仰、礼仪与仪式，故事、英雄以及由企业内外不同群体所组成的文化网络。 他们通过以下两个因素来区分企业的文化类型：

• 反馈速度（Feedback Speed）： 企业活动获取反馈与回报的速度。
• 风险程度（Degree of Risk）： 企业活动的风险程度和不确定度。

根据这两个因素，企业文化即可划分出以下四个类型：

1. 硬汉型文化（Tough-Guy Macho Culture）（反馈与回报的速度快，风险大）：
   • 因为高风险和回报的不确定性而产生压力。
   • 着眼当下，个人主义压倒团队精神。
   • 典型： 广告业、经济人行业、体育圈。
2. 苦干型文化（Work-Hard, Play-Hard Culture）（反馈与回报的速度快，风险低）：
   • 压力源自工作量，而非工作任务的不确定性。
   • 重视速度，超人工作。
   • 典型： 销售业、餐饮业、软件行业。
3. 办差型文化（Process Culture）（反馈与回报的速度慢，风险低）：
   • 压力一般较低，但组织内部政策以及官僚制度也有可能造成压力。
   • 关注细节与流程表现。
   • 典型： 政府机关、银行业、保险业、公共机构。
4. 赌注型文化（Bet-Your-Company Culture）（反馈与回报的速度慢，风险高）：
   • 压力源自高风险以及反馈与回报的滞后。
   • 目光长远，重视准备与规划。
   • 典型： 制药业、飞机制造业、石油勘探业。

参考书： Terrence E. Deal, Allan A. Kennedy - Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life (1982) [中译本《企业文化：企业生活中的礼仪与仪式》，中国人民大学出版社，2008] -

参考书： Terrence E. Deal, Allan A. Kennedy - The New Corporate Cultures (2000) [中译本《创造竞争优势：7大经营挑战与5大成功法宝》，台北先觉出版股份有限公司，2001] -

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比较： Levels of Culture[文化层次]  |  Changing Organization Cultures[组织文化变革法]  |  Cultural Dimensions[文化尺度]  |  Groupthink[团体迷思]  |  Core Group Theory[核心组理论]  |  Contingency Theory[权变理论]  |  Change Management Iceberg[变革管理冰山]  |  Change Phases[变革阶段]  |  Force Field Analysis[力场分析法]  |  Theory of Planned Behavior[计划行为理论]  |  Leadership Continuum[领导连续体]  |  Cultural Intelligence[文化智能]

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