Coaching[教练]

知识中心

什么是教练？ 释义

教练（Coaching）可以被描述为一种方法和技术，通过应用它可以指导一个人在特定的时间范围内学习新知。  

教练有很多种定义。 有如此众多甚至对立的定义，暗示着对教练定义的争论，本身就是一种不切实际的行为（Jackson，2005）。 就连多产的理论作家（Clutterbuck和Megginson，2005）也改变了他们的观点，指出这个领域仍在发展和变革中。 时间倒退至1994年，Garvey提出“一对一帮助”，计划重新定义这个术语，希望“一对一帮助”能从泥泞中再生。虽然这在字符描述上有效，但是在打造术语上却不太自然。

一些学者也曾建议，像希腊神话中门特式的教学就是教练的模范，但是那个导师作为一个工作称谓就有点过于正式。 他们使用“教练”这一称谓，是因为它听起来更合乎感觉（Hudson 1999）。 近来，有些人尝试在这个困局中创造一个一般性的、集合化的概念，然而我们也看到那些在此领域有着卓越表现的学者们并不高兴接受另一方的意见。 他们直截了当地表明，差别导致混淆，或许换用另一个称谓——导师（Mentor）更为妥当。

教练的定义可以简单概括成，“教授别人做某事的过程”（Whitmore,1997）。 或者更完整点： “使学习和发展得以发生并且进而提高的过程”。 要做一个成功的教练需要对过程充分认知和理解，就像技能和技术的种类繁复一样（Parsloe，1999）。 对于教练的解释，各种个人贡献也占了相当大的部分。 启导观认为教练主要与技术相关（Cranwell，2004）， 教练的焦点在工作结果上（Megginson和Clutterbuck，1995），且最为重要的焦点是绩效和技能发展（Clutterbuck,2004）。

教练的定义已经发展了很多年， 从那些奇思古怪的、潜在危险的、有些超然的想法——教练最重要的方面就是被接受，被尊重和被照看，而不是在教练人和被教练人之间的信息交换（Olalla,1998）， 到商业定义宣告——教练就是一个授权的过程，以提升绩效，实现发展”（Alexander和Renshaw 2005）。 有趣地是，早在1988年Megginson就提出了一个观点：在某些特定阶段，教练在一个人的发展中更为有效。 这样在商业环境中，教练就更着眼于角色、职业和项目了（William, 2000）。 如果采纳“在一个人发展过程中，适当时期的特定的干涉是最有效的方法”这种思路，那么回顾一下教练所干涉的范围就很有必要了。 我们能看到哪些是新内容，哪些是混合了心理学、运动心理学和教育学的教练，以及哪些是正在建立的可信的、有市场的教练。
 

教练的起源 历史

“coach”这个术语最早出现在16世纪，指的是一种运输方式，实际上就是一种马拉的交通工具，起源于一个匈牙利小镇Kocs，（读作“koach”）。 在18世纪中叶，coach这个词用在英国大学校园里，指代帮助学生准备考试的人（Zeus和Skiffington，2005）。 教练（Coaching）则来源于人文心理学，关注于人的尊严和内在价值。

教练在商界

伴随着人文运动的出现，我们看到在商业领域里教练的出现，这能够从当时的杂志里找到佐证： Gorby(1937)描述了老员工培训新员工如何减少浪费，以赢得绩效奖励。 Bigelow(1938)叙述了销售经理培训销售人员。 Mold(1951)报道了“经理当教练”的课程。 Hayden(1956)论证了“穷追到底”式教练提高了评估水平。 Mahler(1964)报道了让他们的经理变成教练的难处。 Gersham (1967)评估监督员在“公作态度&工作绩效”方面的影响。 Tobias(1996)报道了一位取得“44年优异”绩效的管理人员，他曾经接受过“软”技能培训。 尽管都是杂志上的报道，但都是有影响的、典型的跟教练相关的“案例”和“评论”(Zeus & Skiffington, 2005)。最近曼切斯特咨询集团（Manchester Consulting Group）做了一项调查， 发现1996-2000年间，教练项目的ROI达到了5.7 。

“生活教练（Life Coaching）”作为现代版的定义出现，源于一个应对高中生辍学的培训项目。 这个项目始于1950年代，由YMCA资助， 目标是寻找有效的咨询和学习方法，帮助人们学习心理的和社会的技巧，来应对各种生活问题(Adkins, 2006)。 到了60年代末期，这个项目更为深入具体， 集中于发展中的商业团体所需的、可信的、来自于学术上的教练方法。 1980年代，专业的执行管理和商业培训伴随着一些领导力项目浮现出来（Zeus & Skiffington, 2005）。

真正的突破是体育和商业世界的结合，使得教练得以新生。 Tim Gallwey和他的网球内线游戏，是体育教练在商业环境中的主要催化剂。其后，突出的一些教练还有： John Whitmore（冠军赛车驾驶员），David Hemery（奥运跨栏获奖者）和David Witaker（奥运曲棍球教练）。

教练的现代内涵与建构主义学习理论（Constructionist Learning Theory ）密不可分，其认识核心是“对于现实的解读不可能是单独的行为”（Zeus & Skiffington 2005）。 通过这些原理，我们能够更深刻地理解“教练”的诞生， “每一个人无例外地都以自己的经验来构建自己对于这个世界的理解”。 有趣的是，1990年代，教练在一些“准哲学”团体里高潮迭起，那些参与到管理及沟通教练的人特别受到欢迎。 在商业世界呼唤学术性的、规范化的教练模式的同时，这一领域内部对教练的方法、标杆提出了更高的、更严格的要求。 尽管已有形形色色的职业教练，教练的职业化、专业化道路仍有很长的路要走（Grant, 2003b） 。

教练的运用 应用

• 商业教练。
• 行政教练。
• 生活训练。
• 行为教练。
• 体育教练。
• 临床教练。

教练的步骤。 流程

实践中没有普遍接受的教练步骤。

教练的优势。 优点

• 教练对于个人和商业的显著好处就是提供自我引导式学习。 虽然学习通过教练实现，教练的真正的作用在于其贡献的经验。
• 研究显示，对于转型和变革中的组织，教练的积极鼓舞作用是显著的。
• 教练的ROI高于正常的课堂教育，特别是对于管理人员。

教练的局限。 缺点

• 教练不是良方。 否则，被教练人也会产生依赖性。
• 可以被产生商业声望，乃至于产生政治影响。
• 试试告诉你的老板他是个蹩脚的教练！

教练的假设。 条件。

• 每个人都应对自己的学习负责，所有的学习行为都应该是“被教练的，而不是督导的”。
• 教练实在是一件再简单不过的事情，却引发出一个让人难以置信的复杂话题， 原因在于教练本身不是一个可以定义的模型，不像用于教练的具体方法、模型，
• 到目前为止连普遍接受的教练定义都还没有。

参考书： Zeus & Skiffington - The Coaching at Work Toolkit

参考书： Mary Beth O'Neill - Executive Coaching with Backbone and Heart

参考书： Bruce Peltier - The Psychology of Executive Coaching

论坛 关于以下内容的论坛讨论：教练是。您可以在下方提出有关此主题的问题、分享您的经验、报告新的发展或解释一些事情。 开始一个新的论坛主题关于教练是 在这里分享您的知识（或提出问题）   🔥 新 CEO的分享：教练如何带来领导力的变革 芸女士来自古都西安，从今年2月份从朋友那里第一次接触教练技术之后，已经学完了CPCP、团队教练和NLP课程。在TTT课程期间，她跟我们分享了教练技术... 4   The GROW Model / Coaching Framework There is a coaching model from partnership coaching, called "GROW" involving a set of exploring questions: G - GOALS - what do we want to accomplish / discuss R - REALITY - what is happening... 40   18条评论 Mentoring versus Coaching Mentoring has high interest for me. Based on my observation and that of other officers, a great gap exists in planning and delivery. So mentoring should help to improve teacher competencies. A more ex... 28   22条评论 The Enneagram of 9 Personalities. Types and Centers The Enneagram is a very old symbol which has been introduced to the Western society by Gurdjief (1866 � 1949) and graduately developed to a coaching tool. In full it is called: Enneagram of Personalit... 27   10条评论 Has Coaching Become Too Technical? I have been researching coaching for a number of years - partly in the hunt for the 'simple but effective' set of tools. The more I read, the more I seem to get confused. In my early learning of ... 23   9条评论 The Coach as a Facilitator for Self-Findings Coaching is not about teaching people, but it is a process of facilitating the coachee to dig out his/her own hidden talents and anxiety via psychological counseling techniques.... 21   9条评论 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) The theory of REBT has been developed by Albert Ellis in 1955. Albert Ellis was not satisfied with the type of therapy he was trained in at that moment. Therefore, he experimented with different thera... 16   1条评论 Assumptions of Coaching: You Can Change and Develop Yourself Since the 1960s, human studies, psychotherapy and philosophies rooted in oriental traditions like Zen Buddhism and Taoism created more interest for self-reflection and spiritualism, self-knowledge and... 16   5条评论 Effective Coaching An effective coach is a skilled and knowledgeable individual who understands that all individuals, if they are not already achieving their true desires, are offering some form of resistance in terms o... 15   5条评论 The Need for Relational Coaching The term 'Relational Coaching' might seem to be synonymous to Coaching, since coaching always involves at least two people that communicate and form a relationship in some way. However, the term relat... 11   4条评论 Teacher Professional Development (TPD) Models I came across several teacher professional development (TPD) models outlining ways and means to engage teachers as learners on site. The one I find most useful is the observation/assessment model that... 11   2条评论 Does Business Coaching Really Work? Hypothesis: coaching helps the coachee (and his team) to perform significantly better in achieving business objectives. Is this a dream or a fact? Experience?... 11   16条评论 How to Get Help from Someone Else? Most people are a bit reluctant to ask for help, especially in the work environment. That is because we feel uncertain, are afraid to be rejected, or fear for diminished status. Heidi Grant argue... 11   9条评论 Coaching as Social Capital I have always been fascinated by the references in the literatures and in coaching trainings to the coach-client relationship. Clearly the relationship is important, but is it anymore important in oth... 11   4条评论 Coaching and Pedagogy I would like to see the difference between coaching and the roman concept of pedagogical leading. To me, the difference could be the knowledge the coach should have about the strenghts of the coachee... 10   4条评论 Use of the Body in Coaching What do you think about coaching approaches that use the body to generate awareness and to develop soft skills� - Are they acceptable in your culture? - Do they fit in corporate coaching?... 9   5条评论 Benefits of Coaching Mentoring and coaching both have qualitative and quantitative benefits (aspects). For example, using multiple data collection tools during my research resulted in verbal and numerical data; that ... 9   3条评论 Being a 'Good-Enough' Coach is the Best that we can Be... Working as coaches we detect and explore the patterns which reveal pictures of a client's inner landscape � a window to their 'inner-selves' perhaps? To contain that narrative, we explore our own rela... 8   8条评论 How to Raise Productivity by Coaching? Be patient + be patient + be patient = success in coaching, but it is too hard to raise the productivity by coaching only. There are too many factors involved to increase the productivity and the... 8   2条评论 The Wheel of Life: Balance your Life Life is not uni-dimensional; balance in life comes from fulfillment in all areas. If we overly focus on one or just a few areas of our life, these tend to to weigh heavily on our psyche and bring abou... 7   Psychodynamics, Coaching and the Validity of All Emotions We currently operate in a world which appears to favour happiness above anything else � almost as a 'right'. I'm not convinced by this. Being happier seems to be a goal for many people, but why s... 5   2条评论

最佳实践 关于教练是的最高评价的讨论主题。在这里你会找到最有价值的思路和切实可行的建议。 Coaching by Managers and by Leaders I've been a long time manager in multinational companies and I am since 8 years a self-employed business coach. As a professional coach I support my coachees in finding their own solution of their own... 43   23条评论 Team Coaching by Managers Are you a manager or a coach? According to a new book by Google's Eric Schmidt, Jonathan Rosenberg and Alan Eagle there is little difference. The Trillion Dollar Coach is a tribute to Bill ... 26   8条评论 Qualities of a Good Coach. Checklist The importance of coaching cannot be underestimated. However, identifying a good coach is far from easy. Here's a checklist of qualities for a good coach I recommend: - More knowledgeable in the ... 20   4条评论 Preconditions for Successful Coaching I believe that coaching is a tool that helps to facilitate the learning progress of certain practices or habits. It does not produce a change on its own. It depends a lot on the WILL of the one being ... 16   4条评论 Coach People's Strengths or Weaknesses? Coaching people's strengths I find is much more effective than coaching their weaknesses. Working on a strong usually preferred area is more motivating than concentrating on something that perhaps the... 13   5条评论 Coaching is Expert-aided Goal-oriented Learning A coach is one which takes you from the the present place to another desired place. Therefore coaching is goal-oriented learning with the aid of an expert in the field.... 12   5条评论 Why Leaders Need Coaching Leaders must be very conscious of their actions and of the impact they have on others. Coaching is an excellent tool to gain consciousness. Any other reasons why coaching is particularly useful for le... 12   9条评论 Using Incentives and Rewards in Coaching Is it helpful for coaches and coachees to provide different types of incentives or rewards for better performance? Of course better performance by itself is already rewarding, I'm just considerin... 11   4条评论

专家提示 关于Coaching（英语）的高级见解。在这里，您将找到专家的专业建议。 Myths on REACHING the top What Experiences, Qualifications and Characteristics are Needed to Reach the Top? I'd like to contribute a summary of an article by HRM Professor Monika Hamori of Instituto de Empresa Business School. H... Write a Personal Mission Statement Establish focus on who you want to be in your life... Covey wrote this pearl of wisdom in his book Seven Habits: "The key to the ability to change is a changeless sense of wh... Building an Organizational Coaching Capacity Developing an Organizational Coaching Capacity, Learning Organization, Developing Coaching as an Organizational Capacity COACHING ON AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL In their book "Trillion Dollar Coach: Lessons for Managers", Google's Schmidt, Rosenber... GENIUS Coaching Model Coaching Talented People I developed the GENIUS coaching model as a guide to managing a creative thinking coaching session. This grew out of my e... What is Your Leadership Point of View? Reflection on your Leadership Style In my experience very few leaders are able to define and succinctly articulate their leadership point of view. The reaso... Promotion-focused versus Prevention-focused Employees Motivating your Coachee An interesting way to look at coachees for motivation purposes is described by Heidi Grant Halverson and E. Tory Higgin... Personal Benefits of Coaching Explaining the Advantages of Coaching at Coacheel Level Here is a list of some typical advantages of using a coach as an assistant to your personal and professional development... History of Coaching Organizational Development, Background of Coaching - In the context of management, the term coaching appears to have first been used by Myles Mace in 1958 and was seen as ... The GROWTH Framework for Coaching Extended Coaching Model to Guide Coach-Coachee Interactions The GROWTH model adds two more dimensions to this coaching model. Once deciding what the coachee will do, we look at: -... Identify and Develop Leadership Abilities Leadership Development, Management Development, Coaching, Mentoring Covey's 4 Roles of Leadership� helps managers to identify and develop 4 important abilities of 'true' leaders: Modeling... Organizational Benefits of Coaching Explaining the Advantages of Coaching at Organizational Level Here are some typical benefits of using a coach to overcome problems within an organization: - Coaches may help to iden... What is the Opposite of Situational Leadership? Leadership Development, Management Development, Coaching, Mentoring Situational Leadership can be seen as an adaptive style. The opposite, non-adaptive, or inflexible, style of leadership ... Five Leadership Development Ideas Leadership Development, Management Development, Coaching, Mentoring Although years of research and analysis by biographers, historians, and scholars have produced an enormous library of bo... How to Develop your Own Leadership Philosophy Leadership/Management Development, Coaching, Mentoring In an article �When should a leader be directive or empowering? How to develop your own situational theory of leadership... Ineffective Behavior Analyzing Manager, Employee or Self Behavior There are many different forms or manifestations of ineffective behavior, such as - Finding it difficult to say 'no'. ... 4 Patterns of Behavior Creating Behavioral Awareness According to Willem Roding there are 4 patterns cuasing behavior: 1. INSTINCT: Stimulus --> Reflex. Automatic decision:... Psychoanalysis and Coaching Similarities and Differences Psychoanalysis is focused on what does not work, on dis-functional thoughts and behaviour, depending on the approach it ... The Relationship between the Power of Leaders and Overconfidence Leadership, Power, Leadership Development, Executive Education Fast et al. (2012) researched the relationship between power and overconfidence. In many cases it can be seen that decis... Recognizing Distressed Managers in Leadership Pipeline Transition Coaching, Mentoring, Management Development, Leadership Development Moving from one manager level/phase to the following in the Management / Leadership Pipeline is a difficult task. Freedm... Freud's Personality Types Personality Types, Leadership Development, Management Development, Coaching, Mentoring Freud recognized that there are an almost infinite variety of personalities which could be in the end broken down into 3... How to Assess Relational Skills of the Coachee? Human Resources, Leadership You can use the 4 dimensions of relational skills to assess relational skills: Influence skills: - Look for a history... How to Develop Better Relational Skills? Human Resources, Leadership Although it is not necessary to be interested in or skilled at all four dimensions of relational work in order to succee... CEOs Time Spent per Stakeholder / Constituency CEO Coaching, CEO Time Management, Stakeholder Management Research by Porter, Nohria and Higgins among 27 CEOs revealed the following interesting data on with whom they spend the... The Best Managers in Coaching Employee Development, Employee Growth, Coaching by Managers, Mentoring, Career Management, Management Development Gartner (2018) surveyed 7,300 employees and executives across 25 industries and found that there are 4 types of managers... Practical Tips to Increase the Performance of your Employees Employee Development, Employee Growth, Coaching by Managers, Mentoring, Career Management, Management Development The performance of an employee (or a team of them) depends on many factors. One of the main factors is how well the empl... Family-Work Conflicts (FWC) and Daily Job Performance Family-work conflicts, Coaching, Mentoring, Job Performance FAMILY ROLES and WORK are two factors influencing each other: - Work can interfere with family roles; this is called a W... Leadership Self-Assessement Leadership Training, Leadership Development, Coaching, Mentoring Before you seek training in leadership, you should assess your strenghts and weaknesses as a Leader by comparing with th...

信息来源 有关教练是的各种信息来源。在这里，您将找到Powerpoint，视频，新闻等可用于您自己的讲座和讲习班。 The Fatal Coaching Mistake by Managers Coaching, Mentoring, Management, Leadership Managers and executives often don't realize how much influence they have over their staff, by just being their superior... How to Become a Master Manager? Introduction to Managing People. Know Thyself This good introduction presentation is about how to be a Master Manager. By J. S. Osland, D. A. Kolb, I. M. Rubin and M.... Introduction to Coaching Employees Organizational Coaching, Employee Assistance Presentation about Coaching, thereby focusing on Employee Assistance (EA) coaching. 1. The Importance of Coaching 2. C... Coaching vs Counseling A Comparison Comparison of counseling and coaching on 6 characteristics.... Building the Helping Relationship 10 Principles for Facilitative Consultancy Superb article by MIT Professor and OD consultant Edgar H. Schein in which he concludes that: "... The decisive factor ... Assess your Personality Type to Plan your Career Career Management, Career Planning, Personality Types This presentation elaborates on how to define your personality and the career that suits best to you. The presentation i... NLP: The 6 Neurological Levels 6 layers to view at the reality of a person or issue Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) is used increasingly by businesses and individuals in HR, marketing, sales and organi... Hearing versus Listening Communicating Effectively, Active Listening, Coaching, Mentoring A comprehensive presentation about listening and how to do it well. Includes a scheme of the steps in the listening pro... Daniel Goleman on Competence Development Competence Development, Coaching, Mentoring Daniel Goleman gives 5 steps on how to develop a personal competence: 1. Ask yourself: Do I really care? 2. Get honest... Coaching vs Mentoring A Comparison Comparison of mentoring and coaching on 7 characteristics.... Introduction and Summary of (Executive) Coaching Initial Understanding of Coaching Chris Ruisi explains: 1. What is coaching? 2. What makes a good coach? 3. What is special about executive coaching? ... Steven Covey on his 8 Habits of Effective People / Managers / Leaders Understanding the 8 Habits of Covey. Leadership Development, Management Development, Coaching, Mentoring In this video Steven Covey explains his 7 habits plus the 8th habit he added later: 1. Be proactive 2. Begin with the ... The Performance Effects of Coaching Coaching, Performance Paper by Ritu Agarwal, Corey M. Angst and Massimo Magni on the effects of managers' coaching intensity on the performanc... How to Manage Challenging Situations and Challenging People? People Management, Conflict Management, Persuasion, Challenging Situations This presentation is about the management of Conflicts, other challenging situations and about managing challenging peop... Manager? Why you need Coaching and Mentoring Skills Management Skills, Coaching Skills, Mentoring Skills, Management Development, Leadership Development Effective managers understand the difference between their role as a mentor and as a coach in developing their people an... Practical Communication Tips for Managers Management Skills, Leadership Skills, Management Development, Leadership Development, Situational Leadership As manager you need to combine professional expertise and experience with specific character traits, interpersonal and c... Communication Essentials: Non-verbal, Verbal and Listening Skills Communication Skills, Personal Skills, Confidence, Power, Influence, Sincerity, Trust Presentation about communication skills, including non-verbal and verbal communication and listening skills. The present... Mindfulness and Wellbeing at Work Wellbeing, Well-being, Mindfulness, Motivation, Employee Commitment Time Management, Coaching This presentation elaborates on the concept of mindfulness in the workplace, and includes the following sections: 1. Ou... The Role of Supervisor | Skills of Supervisors Skills of a Supervisor, Supervisor Role, Supervisor Behavior This presentation elaborates on the skills that supervisors need in order to be successful in their business/organizatio... All the World is a Stage (Shakespeare) Impression Management, Communication Explanation of the main ideas of sociologist Erving Goffman regarding Impression Management. Shakespeare wrote: "A... Johan Cruijff on Coaching Coaching, Mentoring, Goal Setting, Teamwork In this video legendary Dutch football player and coach Johan Cruijff (1947-2016) presents some of his inimitable ideas ... Young Steve Jobs on the Role of Managers Management, Leadership, Talent Management, Talent Acquisition, Talent Development This video is a nice start for any management course. Jobs shares some ideas on managers (in a high-tech environment) an... How you can Change and Improve Yourself Self Development, Coaching, Mentoring, Management Development, Leadership Development Coach Tony Robbins explains that you can only achieve good results in changing or improving yourself if you: Not onl... Peer and Co-worker Relationships Relationship Management, Emotional Intelligence, Coaching, Emotional Work, Relationship at Work, Employee Relationships This presentation is about the relationship between peer and co-workers, and includes the following sections: 1. Nature... Guide Toward Coaching your Employees Coaching Employees, Performance Reviews, Giving Effective Feedback Presentation that provides information about the ways to effectively coach employees. The presentation includes the foll...

研究链接 自动跳入有关以下内容的其他有用资源教练是。 新闻 视频 简报   书比人好 学术的 更多

比较： Mentoring[启导]  |  Facilitation Styles[引导类型]  |  Leadership Pipeline[领导补给线]  |  Hagberg Model of Personal Power[哈格伯格个人力量模型]  |  Cultural Dimensions[文化尺度]  |  Cultural Intelligence[文化智能]  |  Emotional Intelligence[情感智能]  |  Managerial Grid[管理方格理论]  |  4 Dimensions of Relational Work[关系工作的四个类型]  |  马斯洛（Maslow） Hierarchy of Needs[需求层次理论]  |  ERG Theory[ERG理论]  |  Spiral Dynamics[螺旋动力学]  |  Changing Organizational Cultures[组织文化变革法]  |  Expectancy Theory[期望理论]  |  Whole Brain Model[全脑模型]  |  Seven Habits[七个习惯]  |  Seven Surprises[七大惊奇]  |  Johari Window[乔哈里资讯窗]  |  EPIC ADVISERS[史诗顾问]  |  Leadership Styles[领导风格]  |  Level 5 Leadership[第五级领导]

返回到分类主页： 变革与组织  |  沟通与技能  |  人力资源管理  |  领导力

更多管理方法、模型和理论