Coaching (Коучинг)

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Что такое Coaching (Коучинг)? Описание

Coaching (Коучинг) можно описать как метод, который можно использовать для направления индивида к новому обучению в определенных временных рамках.  

Существует много определений коучинг. С наличием настолько разнообразных и противоречивых определений пускаться в дебаты по поводу определения коучинг было бы абстрактным занятием (Jackson, 2005). Даже представители академических кругов (Clutterbuck и Megginson, 2005) изменяют свою точку зрения, что указывает на то, что данная область все еще находится в процессе развития. Еще в 1994г., Garvey (1994) говорил о «взаимной помощи» и, таким образом, предлагал концепцию переопределения термина, с надеждой, что «взаимная помощь» может стать новым рождением термина, который, несмотря на эффективные описательные характристики, не «прижился» с точки зрения брендинга.

Некоторые исследователи предполагают, что менторинг представляет собой модель для коучинг и что менторинг, как рабочий термин, слишком официальный. Они используют слово наставник, так как оно проще для понимания (Hudson, 1999). В посследнее время, известные исследователи в данной области без энтузиазма принимают к рассмотрению одно как часть другого. Они заявляют категорически, что различия между двумя этими терминами вызывают путаницу и необходимо придти к общему согласию (Parsloe & Wray, 2005).

Определения Coaching (Коучинг) могут быть настолько простыми и включающими, как «процесс расширения полномочий» (Whitmore, 1997). Или: «процесс, который делает возможным обучение и развитие для повышения эффективности». Для того, чтобы быть успешным наставником требуются знания и понимания процесса, а также разнообразие стилей, навыков и методов, подходящих к контексту (Parsloe, 1999). Перспектива также играет большую роль. Менторы рассматриают коучинг как метод, имеющий отношение к навыкам, при этом конкретные возможности свзяаны с результатом(Cranwell et al, 2004). Наставник переносит внимание на результаты работы (Megginson и Clutterbuck, 1995) и акцентирует развитие навыков (Clutterbuck, 2004).

Определения, касающиеся наставников. От несколько старомодного, потенциально опасного и замкнутого убеждения о том, что «наиболее важным аспектом коучинг является принятие, уважение, а не обмен информации между наставником и подопечным» (Olalla, 1998). До бизнес определения, которое состоит в том, что «коучинг - это процесс, стимулирующий повышение эффективности, развитие и достижение» (Alexander & Renshaw, 2005). Megginson (1988) еще в 1988г. предлагал такую точку зрения, что коучинг более эффективен в развитии человека, если осуществляется на определенных этапах. Таким образом в контексте бизнеса коучинг зависит от роли, вида работы и проекта (Williams, 2000). Если мы будем следовать той логике, что определенные интервенции в уместные моменты времени в развитии человека являются эффективной методологией, то нам необходим обзор интервенций коучинга. Коучинг совмещает в себе психологию, спортивную психологию и образование (Zeus & Skiffington, 2000)».
 

Происхождение Коучинг. История

Термин «наставник» (coach) впервые упомянается в 1500-х и обозначает метод перевозки - на самом деле, повозку с лошадью, которая была придумана в небольшом венгерском городке, произносимом как Kócs («koach»). В середине 1850-х слово наставник использовалось в английских университетах по отношению к человеку, который помогал студентам в подготовке к экзаменам (Zeus и Skiffington, 2005) и, возможно, связано с навыками многозадачности, ассоциированными с управлением дилижанса (Wikipedia, 2005). Коучинг уходит корнями в гуманистическую психологию (Zeus & Skiffington, 2000), ориентируясь на человеческом достоинстве и действительной ценности.

Коучинг в бизнесе

По мере развития гуманистического движение параллельно начал возникать коучинг в бизнесе. Gorby (1937) описывает более опытных сотрудников, тренирующих новых сотрудников для того, чтобы сокращать отходы производства и получить бонус. Bigelow (1938) говорит о менеджерах по продажам, тренирующих продавцов. Mold (1951) зафиксировал программу «менеджер как наставник». Hayden (1955) утверждал, что коучинг «последующего исполнения» улучшил процедуру оценки. Mahler (1964) показал затруднения организаций, стремящихся к тому, чтобы их менеджеры стали эффективными наставниками. Gersham (1967) оценил влияние руководителей на предмет «отношения и эффективности работы». Tobias (1996) написал о технически «превосходном» менеджере 44 лет, которого тренируют 'мягким' навыкам. Однако эти публикации имеют характер «исследований частных случаев» и «комментариев» в отличие от точных аналитически работ, таких как более недавнее исследование, проведенное  Manchester Consulting Group (Zeus & Skiffington, 2005). Эта группа сообщает о программы коучинга запущенной между 1996-2000, которая превысила ROI в 5.7 раз. Также фокус исследования был смещен на производственную сторону.

Концепция «жизненного коучинга» рассматривала коучинг как деятельность в программах для старших классов. Эта работа велась против бедности с начала 1950-х в рамках спонсированной YMCA программы тренировки в Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, N.Y. Ее цель состояла в том, чтобы искать более действенные методы консультирования/обучения, помогая людям получать психологические и социальные жизненные навыки (Adkins, 2006). К концу 60-х исследование стало более точным (Grant & Cavanagh, 2004). Этот фокус на более академичные методологии стал катализатором доверия, необходимым для более прогрессивных коммерческих структур. И таким образом возник бизнес коучинг на основании программ лидерства в 1980-х (Zeus & Skiffington, 2005).

Действительный прорыв Коучинг пришел с сочетанием спорта и бизнеса. Tim Gallwey (1974) с его внутренней игрой в теннис стал идецным вдохновителем коучинг в контексте бизнеса, а также такие  известные спортсмены-наставники как: John Whitmore (чемпион в гонках), David Hemery (олимпийский медалист в беге с препятствиями) и David Witaker (наставник олимпийской хоккейной сборной).

Коучинг в его современном понятии произошел от Конструктивистской теории обучения (Williams & Irving, 2001), с центральной идеей о том, что нет единичной интерпретации реальности (Zeus & Skiffington 2005). Можно рассматривать возникновение коучинг на основе следующих принципов: мы «все создаем наше собственное понимание мира, в котором мы живем через анализ нашего опыта». В 1990-х с подъемом так называемых «квази-философских» групп и заинтересованностью в них представителей менеджмента и коммуникаций (Parsloe & Wray, 2005), возникли такие явления как NLP (Grinder & Bandler, 1989) из таких областей как конструктивистская теория, кибернетика Bateson (2000), Теория языка Chomsky (1972) и Landamatics (Landa, 1974). Именно спрос со стороны корпоративного мира привел к появлению «учебно-практической модели коучинг», которой характерна более академичная и более точная методология. Для многих коучинг сильно отличается профессии, несмотря на то, что есть и такие, кто занимается коучинг профессионально (Grant, 2003b). Текущие вопросы определения и обоснованности объясняются тем, что данная профессия «конвергировалась», а не «возникла» в своем текущем состоянии.

Применение Коучинг. Формы применения

• Бизнес наставник.
• Управленческий наставник.
• Жизненный .
• Наставник в области эффективности.
• Наставник в спорте.
• Наставник на рабочем месте.

Стадии в Коучинг. Процесс

Нет общего согласия.

Преимущества Коучинг. Преимущества

• Доминирующим преимуществом коучинг для индивида и бизнеса является содействие самоуправляемому обучению. Хотя обучение выполняется наставником, действительное благо коучинг заключается в способности личности «наращивать» опыт.
• С точки зрения удержания и развития таланта, исследования указывают на значительные преимущества у компаний, которые активно поощряют коучинг во время фаз перехода/изменения.
• ROI коучинг значительно превосходит стандартные тренинги, особенно в управленческом сообществе.

Ограничения Коучинг. Недостатки

• Коучинг не терапия. В противном случае подопечный может стать зависимым.
• Может рассматриваться как престижное положение в бизнесе и, таким образом, создать клише наставников и политических фигур.
• Попробуйте сказать вашему боссу, что он никудышный наставник!

Предположения Коучинг. Условия

• Коучинг развивает идею Malcolm Knowles и «Взрослого обучения», которое, по сути, утверждает, что индивид несет обязанность за собственное обучение и все действия, его надо «направлять, а не руководить им».
• Это очень сложная тема, для такого простого явления. Причина в том, что коучинг по себе не является определенной моделью, такие модели как GROW - инструменты коучинг.
• В настоящее время не существует центральных моделей, которые бы предлагали общепринятое определение.

Книга: Zeus & Skiffington - The Coaching at Work Toolkit

Книга: Mary Beth O'Neill - Executive Coaching with Backbone and Heart

Книга: Bruce Peltier - The Psychology of Executive Coaching

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Communication Essentials: Non-verbal, Verbal and Listening Skills Communication Skills, Personal Skills, Confidence, Power, Influence, Sincerity, Trust Presentation about communication skills, including non-verbal and verbal communication and listening skills. The present... Mindfulness and Wellbeing at Work Wellbeing, Well-being, Mindfulness, Motivation, Employee Commitment Time Management, Coaching This presentation elaborates on the concept of mindfulness in the workplace, and includes the following sections: 1. Ou... The Role of Supervisor | Skills of Supervisors Skills of a Supervisor, Supervisor Role, Supervisor Behavior This presentation elaborates on the skills that supervisors need in order to be successful in their business/organizatio... All the World is a Stage (Shakespeare) Impression Management, Communication Explanation of the main ideas of sociologist Erving Goffman regarding Impression Management. Shakespeare wrote: "A... Johan Cruijff on Coaching Coaching, Mentoring, Goal Setting, Teamwork In this video legendary Dutch football player and coach Johan Cruijff (1947-2016) presents some of his inimitable ideas ... Young Steve Jobs on the Role of Managers Management, Leadership, Talent Management, Talent Acquisition, Talent Development This video is a nice start for any management course. Jobs shares some ideas on managers (in a high-tech environment) an... How you can Change and Improve Yourself Self Development, Coaching, Mentoring, Management Development, Leadership Development Coach Tony Robbins explains that you can only achieve good results in changing or improving yourself if you: Not onl... Peer and Co-worker Relationships Relationship Management, Emotional Intelligence, Coaching, Emotional Work, Relationship at Work, Employee Relationships This presentation is about the relationship between peer and co-workers, and includes the following sections: 1. Nature... Guide Toward Coaching your Employees Coaching Employees, Performance Reviews, Giving Effective Feedback Presentation that provides information about the ways to effectively coach employees. The presentation includes the foll...

Ссылки на Исследования Автоматический переход к другим полезным источникам, касающимся Коучинг. Новости Видео Презентации Книги Академический Более

Сравните с Coaching (Коучинг): Mentoring (Менторинг)  |  Facilitation Styles (Стили фасилитации)  |  Leadership Pipeline (Канал лидерства)  |  Model of Personal Power (Модель личной власти) Hagberg  |  Cultural Dimensions (Культурные измерения)  |  Cultural Intelligence (Культурный интеллект)  |  Emotional Intelligence (Эмоциональный интеллект)  |  Managerial Grid (Таблица стилей руководства)  |  4 Dimensions of Relational Work (Аспекты реляционной работы)  |  Hierarchy of Needs (Иерархия потребностей) Maslow  |  ERG Theory (Теория ERG)  |  Spiral Dynamics (Динамика спирали)  |  Changing Organizational Cultures (Изменение организационных культур)  |  Expectancy Theory (Теория ожиданий)  |  Whole Brain Model (Общая модель мозга)  |  Seven Habits (7 привычек)  |  Seven Surprises (7 неожиданностей)  |  Johari Window (Окно Johari)  |  EPIC ADVISERS (ЭПИЧЕСКИЕ СОВЕТНИКИ)  |  Leadership Styles (Стили лидерства)  |  Level 5 Leadership (Лидерство 5 уровня)

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