Six Thinking Hats[六项思考帽]
(de Bono)

知识中心

Edward de Bono提出的六项思考帽是一个全面思考问题的模型，用以帮助人们面对复杂情境或挑战时，采取不同的思考角度和方法。 在制定战略和进行决策的场合，往往要求多角度考虑问题。

六项思考帽技术能够帮助我们个人改变传统因循的思考方式，有意地去探索一些全新的思考角度。 人们通过戴上一定特殊的思考帽，扮演一个特定的角色，就“好像”他们自己就是这个角色，就像角色所要求的一样在思考。 例如，为了讨论的需要，某个人可能扮演一个吹毛求疵的角色， 这个角色要求故意找茬挑刺，提出对其他意见的不同看法， 也即总是采取一种批评的态度，找出其他观点错误的地方。

每顶帽子颜色各异，并被赋以不同的思考模型。 例如黑帽子代表逻辑与批判，戴上黑帽子的人就要采取批评的思考态度。

六项思考帽及其思维模式

• 白帽（资料与信息）：白皮书， 中立， 集中于提供信息、客观事实，他人所需要的以及如何获取。

• 红帽（直觉与感情）：火热，温暖， 富有情感，全凭直觉， 提供不做辩解的观点。

• 黑帽（逻辑与批判）：苛于他人观点， 好做判断、 批评， 认为他人观点总是错的， 消极逻辑观。

• 黄帽（积极与乐观）：充满阳光， 乐观向上， 积极逻辑观， 总是寻找好的一面。

• 绿帽（创新与冒险）：植物的生命的颜色， 创造性思维， 积极假设并探索可能性， 酝酿新主意。

• 蓝帽（系统与控制）：天空的颜色， 给人以凉爽的感觉， 提供信息概要， 执行对流程、步骤以及对其他思考帽的控制功能， 领袖和组织者， 关于思考的思考。

De Bono的六项思考帽既考虑到情绪状态，也有心智结构的考量（如，考虑问题的角度）。 De Bono认为， “情感是我们思维能力的一项重要组成部分，而不是象有些人认为的，情感影响了我们的正常思维”(1985年， p27)。 没有哪一项思考模式（或思考帽）天生就比其他的要好。 一个完备的、平衡的团队才会真正意识到，在处理问题和面对挑战的时候，他们确实需要各个不同的视角和思维模式（思考帽）。

六项思考帽的主要优点

1. 畅所欲言，没有风险。 有效抵制Spiral of Silence[沉默的螺旋]。
2. 产生综合观点。
3. 便于操作。
4. 有明确的规则可以遵循。
5. 关注于思考。
6. 激发创造性思维。
7. 改进沟通
8. 改进决策。

六项思考帽的运用

在多数团队中，团队成员被迫接受团队既定的思维模式，不管是积极的，还是消极的，或者中立的，多少会让团队成员感到不舒服。 这就限制了个人乃至整个团队的配合度，导致不能够有效解决某个既定问题。 运用六项思考帽模型，团队成员不再局限于某个单一思维模式， 而且，思考帽代表的是角色分类，是一种思考要求，而不是代表扮演者本人。 思考帽的最终目的是指导和帮助思考，而不是在于区分思维模式或者思考者的类别上。 事实上，通过戴上思考帽，运用迥异的思维模式去思考问题，团队成员往往会有新的发现。 戴上思考帽，就意味着团队成员必须采取一种特定的思维模式，而这种模式当然没有必要是他们通常的思考方法。 每一个团队成员，都要对以上要点有充分认识， 在活动过程中，他的思考和发言都要能够与他所戴的思考帽保持一致。 戴上思考帽还有一个好处，就是能够将自我与表现相分离， 所以这也就有利于个人运用六项思考帽法来思考问题。

六项思考帽法的典型步骤。 流程

取决于亟待解决的具体问题，六项思考帽可以按照结构化的次序放置。 以下是一个典型的六项思考帽小组的工作流程：

步骤1： 陈述问题事实（白帽）
步骤2： 提出如何解决问题的建议（绿帽）
步骤3： 评估建议的优缺点——列举优点（黄帽）、列举缺点（黑帽）
步骤4： 对各项选择方案进行直觉判断（红帽）
步骤5： 总结陈述，得出方案，解散团队（蓝帽）
 

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比较：  Groupthink[团体迷思]  |  Spiral of Silence[沉默的螺旋]  |  Team Management Profile[团队管理剖面]  |  Belbin Team Roles[贝尔宾团队角色]  |  Metaplan[元规划]  |  Core Group Theory[核心组理论]  |  Mind Mapping[心智图法]  |  Brainstorming[头脑风暴法]  |  Delphi Method[德尔菲法]  |  Catalytic Mechanisms[催化机制]  |  Whole Brain Model[全脑模型]  |  Scenario Planning[情境规划]  |  Game Theory[博奕论]  |  Root Cause Analysis[根本原因分析]  |  Dialectical Inquiry[辩证探询法]  |  Theory of Constraints[约束理论]  |  Force Field Analysis[力场分析法]  |  Emotional Intelligence[情感智能]  |  Analogical Strategic Reasoning[战略类推]  |  Stage-gate[阶段-关卡流程]

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