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Jaap de Jonge
Editor, Netherlands
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Open and Closed Organizational Systems
Open systems are those interacting with other systems or the outside environment, whereas closed systems have relatively little interaction with other systems or the outside environment:
- The closed-system approach sees organizations as systems of management, technology, personnel, equipment, and materials, but tends to exclude competitors, suppliers, distributors, and governmental regulators.
A closed-system perspective views organizations as relatively independent of environmental influences. The closed-system approach conceives of the organization as a system of management, technology, personnel, equipment, and materials, but tends to exclude competitors, suppliers, distributors, and governmental regulators.
- Open-systems theory originated in the natural sciences. Later this philosophy spread to fields such as IT, management and psychotherapy. In contrast to closed-systems, the open-system perspective views organizations as taking inputs from the environment, transforming them, and releasing them as outputs, with reciprocal effects on the organization itself.
In general, circumstances requiring an open system approach are:
- External environment has a big impact on the organization at hand
- External environment has major changes
- External environment changes often
- External environment is complex
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