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Emotional Intelligence
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Non-cognitive aspects of intelligence. Explanation of Emotional Intelligence. Robert Thorndike ['37], David Wechsler ['40], Howard Gardner ['83], Salovey & Mayer ['90], Daniel Goleman. ['95] |
Emotional Intelligence historyWhen psychologists began to write and think about intelligence, they initially focused on cognitive aspects, such as memory and problem-solving. However, some researchers recognized the importance of non-cognitive aspects early on:
In doing the research for his first book, Daniel Goleman became aware of Salovey and Mayers work in the early 1990s. Being trained as a psychologist at Harvard, where he worked with David McClelland, Goleman wrote the popular bestseller "Emotional Intelligence" (1995), in which he offered the first ' proof' that emotional and social factors are important.
Five Domains of Emotional IntelligenceGoleman in 1995 agrees with Salovey's Five Main Domains of Emotional Intelligence (p. 43)
Four domains of Emotional IntelligenceMore recently, Goleman favors only Four Domains of EI. The 4 domains have 19 categories, as described in his 2002-book "Primal Leadership". 2 extra categories were added by the Hay Group:
An important thing to understand is that - according to Goleman - these EI competencies are not innate talents. They are learned abilities.
IQ or EI?According to some scientists, IQ by itself is not a very good predictor of job performance. Hunter and Hunter (1984) estimated that at best IQ accounts for about 25 percent of the variance. Sternberg (1996) has pointed out that studies vary and that 10 percent may be a more realistic estimate. In some studies, IQ accounts for as little as 4 percent of the variance. In a recent meta-analysis examining the correlation and predictive validity of EI when compared to IQ or general mental ability, Van Rooy and Viswesvaran (2004) found IQ to be a better predictor of work and academic performance than EI. However, when it comes to the question of whether a person will become a "star performer" (in the top ten percent, however such performance is appropriately assessed) within that role, or be an outstanding leader, IQ may be a less powerful predictor than emotional intelligence (Goleman 1998, 2001, 2002).
IQ and EI: pure typesAccording to Goleman, IQ and EI should not be regarded as competencies with an opposite direction. They are rather separate competencies. People with a high IQ but low EI (or the opposite) are, despite the stereotypes, relatively rare. There is a correlation between IQ and some aspects of EI. The stereotypes (pure types) are:
Assessing and measuring Emotional IntelligenceInstruments used for measuring Emotional Intelligence
Book: Daniel Goleman
- Emotional Intelligence -
Emotional Intelligence Forum
Emotional Intelligence Special Interest Group
Emotional Intelligence Education & Events
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| § Alvin Stacey (US) | Improve Emotional Intelligence | "Good question. Sure you can, though it's not easy. And of course the answer depends on which of the 22 attributes you'd like to change... Goleman says in general, first you need to understand what attribute or domain you'd like to change in what way. The next step is you practice, play or experiment with what you learned. You've got to do this repeatedly for it to be more effective and some support or coaching will be helpful." |
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| § Douglas Hamilton (Scotland) | Improve EI | "Re Angela's comments - the Goleman texts are a good theoretical introduction. In my experience, he comes in for fire on two fronts. Some of the psych community sneer at the quality of his research, and I have also found that in trying to introduce EI principles to clients, they normally struggle to 'get' what is being said in any of the Goleman books. In the final reckoning, it's the application which counts. The question then arises; 'for what purpose do you want to become adept in EI?' and once this is addressed, one can start looking at EI adept behaviour as the easiest path to fluency. From a practical application view, I recommend clients to start thinking 'before I carry out a particular behaviour, what will be the result of that behaviour on those around me?' This helps to develop better impact assessment, and therefore forms the steps to EI fluency. As a practical application, I recommend 'Winning Behaviour' by Terry Bacon and David Pugh as a very readable and valuable text." |
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| § Chris Newham (USA) | Improving EI | "I accepted Goleman’s concept of emotional intelligence but found no useful practices to adopt. Alternatively, Dr. David Hawkins’ work provides a way to practically experience emotional intelligence. His “Map of Consciousness” identifies sixteen emotions ranging from the humiliation to the bliss and he describes how each arises from adopting a specific "positionality" or perspective. Goleman and Hawkins comprehend similar brain physiologies but Hawkins' identifies a pivotal boundary between negative and positive emotions at the transition between gain-seeking and altruistic behaviors. With this reference, I find I can be more conscious of my emotions and in my responses. Childhood conditioning and a lifetime of misunderstanding still make unlearning the old practices quite a challenge but at least I now have a path to follow! Hawkins’ writings (I find, "Transcending the Levels of Consciousness" to be his most practical) are well complemented by his very lighthearted lecture videos. " | |
| § Gruizll (Spain) | EI Forum | "Most demanding in this issue is to find a partner coach, either a professional one or a friends-family resource. Get involved on an issue which really puzzles you, becoming a not well adapted person to that circumstance. Within the "game" you must avoid the first answer and look for another one, less emotional. Repetition is the key to success." | |
| § Dr. K Sylvester (USA) | Angelas EI question | "I know of only two ways to understand the actual content of our brain. Talk with others wo are competent and able to provide feedback and write what we feel and think. I have never found a book or test that has been able to replace the benefits of friendly feedback and writing." | |
| § Linda (USA) | EI | "What I learned from Goleman's work is that tears are to be witnessed, because the eyes are where we can all see them. In the same way, laughter is to be heard, not hidden away with shame. I believe we have to reclaim our emotional intelligence. I succeed when I can, most of the time, not fall in the grip of toxic shame (shame imposed by others). It is about knowing ourselves and owning the depth and breadth of our own emotions. Once we trully own and recognize ours, we can recognize that of others. Then, we are ready with responses that allow others to feel listened to." | |
| § Gian Z. (NL) | Here are some materials | "ohr.gsfc.nasa.gov/DevGuide/Hq/Linkage/Goleman.pdf ohr.gsfc.nasa.gov/DevGuide/Hq/Linkage/Goleman05.pdf " |
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